“…The surface learning approach, based on extrinsic motivation, refers to memorisation, superficial learning, and study for exams to avoid failure, while the deep learning approach, based on intrinsic motivation, refers to meaningful learning that attempts to connect new material to already-learned material (Cano & Berbén, 2009;Chotitham et al, 2014;Drew & Watkins, 1998;Duff, 2003;Thomas & Gadbois, 2007).…”