Deep evaluation of the evolutionary history of the Heat Shock Factor (HSF) gene family and its expansion pattern in seed plants

Abstract

Heat shock factor (HSF) genes are essential in some of the basic developmental pathways in plants. Despite extensive studies on the structure, functional diversification, and evolution of HSF genes, their divergence history and gene duplication pattern remain unknown. To further illustrate the probable divergence patterns in these subfamilies, we analyzed the evolutionary history of HSF genes using phylogenetic reconstruction and genomic syntenic analyses, taking advantage of the increased sampling of genomic data from pteridophytes, gymnosperms and basal angiosperms. We identified a novel clade that includes HSFA2, HSFA6, HSFA7, and HSFA9 with a complex relationship, which is very likely due to orthologous or paralogous genes retained after frequent gene duplication events. We hypothesized that HSFA9 derives from HSFA2 through gene duplication in eudicots at the ancestral state, and then expanded in a lineage-specific way. Our findings indicate that HSFB3 and HSFB5 emerged before the divergence of ancestral angiosperms, but were lost in the most recent common ancestors of monocots. We also presumed that HSFC2 derives from HSFC1 in ancestral monocots. This work proposes that during the radiation of flowering plants, an era during which there was a differentiation of angiosperms, the size of the HSF gene family was also being adjusted with considerable sub- or neo-functionalization. The independent evolution of HSFs in eudicots and monocots, including lineage-specific gene duplication, gave rise to a new gene in ancestral eudicots and monocots, and lineage-specific gene loss in ancestral monocots. Our analyses provide essential insights for studying the evolutionary history of this multigene family.

Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic and expression pattern analysis of HSF family genes in the Rye (Secale cereale L.)

“…The ScHSFs may also regulate the fruit development of Rye, thus affecting its nutritional composition and development rate [41,42]. Therefore, 15 HSF genes were analyzed for expression level at ve different post-anthesis stages (7d, 14d, 21d, 28d, 35d) after anthesis to identify genes that could potentially regulate Rye fruiting-related genes (P < 0.05).…”

Genome-wide identification of the heat shock transcription factor gene family in two kiwifruit species

“…Group A Hsf proteins are further categorized into nine subgroups (A1-A9), and members of these subgroups typically harbor five conserved domains, including DBD, OD, NLS, NES, and AHA ( Nover et al., 2001 ; Scharf et al., 2012 ; Guo et al., 2016 ). Group B Hsf proteins, which are divided into five subgroups (B1-B5) ( Liao et al., 2022 ), lack AHA and NES domains in their sequences ( Nover et al., 2001 ; Scharf et al., 2012 ; Guo et al., 2016 ). Group C, which usually includes two subdivisions (C1-C2), consists of the DBD, OD, and NLS domains ( Nover et al., 2001 ; Scharf et al., 2012 ; Guo et al., 2016 ).…”