Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) for Green Recycling of Wasted Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs): Progress on Pushing the Overall Efficiency

Wang, Zhongjie; Li, Shuie; Li, Taibai; Hu, Tao; Ge, Xiang

doi:10.1007/s42461-022-00660-7

Cited by 18 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Recent publications present investigations on alternative low‐temperature strategies for lithium‐ion battery recycling. The focus is on the application of DESs due to their generally easy and cheap synthesis, supposedly low toxicity, and favorable physical properties, such as low melting point or viscosity [20,21] . Good leaching efficiencies of valuable metals from lithium‐ion battery cathode materials were, for example, achieved in eutectic mixtures of choline chloride and ethylene glycol, [22–24] urea, [25] carboxylic acids, [26–33] or p ‐toluenesulfonic acid [34] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The precipitates are suitable reagents for the production of new lithium‐ion battery cathodes [23,27,33] . Although several investigations show, that the DES can be reused for up to five times, [29,31,35] other publications raise considerable doubts regarding their stability [20,21,27,36] . For example, in DESs consisting of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, up to 35 % of both components appear to be present in an esterified form even at room temperature [37] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The focus is on the application of DESs due to their generally easy and cheap synthesis, supposedly low toxicity, and favorable physical properties, such as low melting point or viscosity. [20,21] Good leaching efficiencies of valuable metals from lithium-ion battery cathode materials were, for example, achieved in eutectic mixtures of choline chloride and ethylene glycol, [22][23][24] urea, [25] carboxylic acids, [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] or p-toluenesulfonic acid. [34] A suitable recovery strategy for the dissolved metals appears to be subsequent precipitation, for example, as oxalates, [23,25,26,28,29,[31][32][33]35] tartrates, [27] or carbonates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[23,27,33] Although several investigations show, that the DES can be reused for up to five times, [29,31,35] other publications raise considerable doubts regarding their stability. [20,21,27,36] For example, in DESs consisting of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, up to 35 % of both components appear to be present in an esterified form even at room temperature. [37] This not only poses a problem in terms of the recyclability of the DES, but a solvent decomposing into partly toxic byproducts can hardly be regarded as green solvent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cobalt Deposition from Ionothermally Dissolved Cobalt Oxides

2023

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Owing to the environmental problems of numerous metal production processes, there is a growing need for more energyefficient approaches. Cobalt is considered a strategic element that is extracted not only from ores but also from spent Li-ion batteries. One promising new approach is ionometallurgy, which is the extraction of metal oxides by ionic liquids (ILs). This study concerns new investigations into ionometallurgical processing of CoO, Co 3 O 4 , and LiCoO 2 in the IL betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][NTf 2 ]. Three crystal structures of cobaltÀ betaine complex compounds and combined spectroscopic and diffraction studies provide insights into the dissolution process. In addition, an optimized dissolution procedure for metal oxides is presented, avoiding the previously reported decomposition of the IL. Subsequent cobalt electrodeposition is only possible from cationic complex species, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of the complex equilibria. The presented method is also compared to other recently reported approaches.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cobalt Deposition from Ionothermally Dissolved Cobalt Oxides

2023

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“…Many research groups explore the use of these neoteric solvents for the recovery of valuable metals from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [32][33][34]. ILs and DESs are used to leach battery cathode materials at temperatures up to about 200 °C, closing the gap between room-temperature molten salts and those for use at high temperatures [35,36]. These solvents are also very popular for the recovery of rare-earth elements from end-of-life products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids and Deep-Eutectic Solvents in Extractive Metallurgy: Mismatch Between Academic Research and Industrial Applicability

Binnemans

Jones

2023

J. Sustain. Metall.

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The past 10–20 years have seen numerous academic papers describing the benefits of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) for leaching, solvent extraction and electrowinning. The scientific community—including the authors of this opinion article—have frequently proclaimed these neoteric solvents as game-changers in extractive metallurgy. Despite this, there have been no commercial breakthroughs. In this paper we reflect on the reasons why ILs and DESs seem to have failed to impact on the metallurgical industry. These include: (1) issues with high viscosity; (2) limited chemical stability under the conditions of metallurgical processes; (3) difficulties with recycling and reuse; (4) a lack of demonstrated unit processes and flowsheets on the pilot scale; (5) insufficient material-property data available for engineering purposes; (6) the administrative burden of obtaining licenses and safety permits; (7) very high costs for large-scale operations; and (8) minimal added value compared to state-of-the-art hydrometallurgical processes. Our belief is that innovations in hydrometallurgy based on ILs or DESs are unlikely. Instead, we should be aiming for a deeper understanding of hydrometallurgical processes at the molecular level. This is because advances are more likely to derive from the refocused efforts of experienced IL/DES researchers investigating the speciation and chemical thermodynamics of hydrometallurgical solutions, which will then hasten the transition from linear to low-energy-input, circular hydrometallurgy. Graphical Abstract

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Designing Low Toxic Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Green Recycle of Lithium‐Ion Batteries Cathodes

Li,

Sun,

Cao

et al. 2024

ChemSusChem

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The Lithium‐ion battery (LIB) is one of the main energy storage equipment. Its cathode material contains Li, Co, and other valuable metals. Therefore, recycling spent LIBs can reduce environmental pollution and resource waste, which is significant for sustainable development. However, traditional metallurgical methods are not environmentally friendly, with high cost and environmental toxicity. Recently, the concept of green chemistry gives rise to environmental and efficient recycling technology, which promotes the transition of recycling solvents from organic solvents to green solvents represented by deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs are considered as ideal alternative solvents in extraction processes, attracting great attention due to their low cost, low toxicity, good biodegradability, and high extraction capacity. It is very important to develop the DESs system for LIBs recycling for sustainable development of energy and green economic development of recycling technology. In this work, the applications and research progress of DESs in LIBs recovery are reviewed, and the physicochemical properties such as viscosity, toxicity and regulatory properties are summarized and discussed. In particular, the toxicity data of DESs are collected and analyzed. Finally, the guidance and prospects for future research are put forward, aiming to explore more suitable DESs for recycling valuable metals in batteries.

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Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) for Green Recycling of Wasted Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs): Progress on Pushing the Overall Efficiency

Cited by 18 publications

References 124 publications

Cobalt Deposition from Ionothermally Dissolved Cobalt Oxides

Cobalt Deposition from Ionothermally Dissolved Cobalt Oxides

Ionic Liquids and Deep-Eutectic Solvents in Extractive Metallurgy: Mismatch Between Academic Research and Industrial Applicability

Designing Low Toxic Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Green Recycle of Lithium‐Ion Batteries Cathodes

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