“…Apart from the fractionation of lignocellulose biomass, DESs can reduce the size of these natural polymeric materials towards the nanoscale, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), 48,51,52,54,85 cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), 57,58,63 lignin nanoparticles (LNPs), 66,69,70 and lignin-containing CNCs/ CNFs 61,62,64,86 (Fig. 4c).…”