Deep convection in the World Ocean

Killworth, Peter D.

doi:10.1029/rg021i001p00001

Cited by 386 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The plume lacks the salinity required to be dense enough to reach the bottom. Killworth (1983) sug gested that similar processes may go on around much of the Antarctic margin.…”

Section: Deep Water Formation Near An Ocean Boundarymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The plume with the highest buoyancy flux fills the ocean from below; plumes with a lesser buoyancy flux produce inter mediate waters that are recycled more rapidly to the surface. Killworth (1983) has summarized the processes by which waters sink to become part of the deep convection system of the ocean. He distinguished two types of formation of deep water: that which takes place near ocean boundaries and that which occurs in the opcn ocean.…”

Section: Haymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For deep' water formation near an ocean boundary, Killworth (1983) a reason for the dense water to leave the reservoir, that more than one water mass be involved, and lastly, that no obstructions prevent the dense water from reaching the ocean bottom. A reservoir is a restricted site within which the water can be maintained and modified.…”

Section: Deep Water Formation Near An Ocean Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as the dense waters begin to move they are acted upon by the Coriolis force and soon a geostrophic balance is attained between the downslope buoyancy force and an upslope Coriolis force so that the water would tend to move along depth contours rather than descend into the basin (Killworth 1977). Killworth (1983) suggested that a necessary pre requisite for dense water to leave a reservoir and descend to the ocean fl oor is preexisting circulation that can drive it off the shelf. Another possibility is that turbulent friction of flow along the bottom may act as a third force to destroy the geostrophic balance.…”

Section: Deep Water Formation Near An Ocean Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of AABW has been discussed by Gill (1973, Killworth (1977Killworth ( , 1983, and Carmack (1990). Mosby (1934) assumed that the driving mechanism was formation of sea ice over the shelf in the winter.…”

Section: Deep Water Formation Near An Ocean Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The Role of Polar Deep Water Formation in Global Climate Change

Hay¹

1993

Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.

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“…The plume lacks the salinity required to be dense enough to reach the bottom. Killworth (1983) sug gested that similar processes may go on around much of the Antarctic margin.…”

Section: Deep Water Formation Near An Ocean Boundarymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Haymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deep Water Formation Near An Ocean Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deep Water Formation Near An Ocean Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deep Water Formation Near An Ocean Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Role of Polar Deep Water Formation in Global Climate Change

Hay¹

1993

Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.

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Ice production in Storfjorden (Svalbard) estimated from a model based on AMSR‐E observations: Impact on water mass properties

et al. 2014

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International audienceStorfjorden, which hosts a latent heat polynya, is a well known region of dense water formation. This Brine-enriched Shelf Water (BSW) displays substantial year to year variability in its properties, which is partly linked to interannual variations in ice production. Here we have developed a model based on high-resolution AMSR-E satellite sea-ice concentration data, available between 2002 and 2011, and atmospheric forcing to estimate the ice production in the polynya and associated salt release. The average modeled ice production for the epoch 2002-2011 is 47 km³ per year, corresponding to a salt release of 1200 × 10⁹ kg. The two most anomalous winters were 2004-2005 (salt deficit of -367 × 10⁹ kg) and 2007-2008 (salt excess of 398 × 10⁹ kg). Available observations of BSW properties are relatively scarce during this period and are here augmented with data collected in March 2007 from an ice-tethered mooring to the northwest of the fjord. BSW was found up to the surface, with maximum salinity and density of 35.27 and 28.4 kg m^-3, respectively, at 55 m. In addition, supercooled water was found down to 10 m under relatively mild atmospheric conditions. It is shown to have formed a week before, during an intense frazil ice formation episode, exceeding 2 km³ of frazil ice according to the model. Although observations remain too few to robustly assess the relation between ice production and BSW properties, there is suggestion of a direct impact for most anomalous years. The exceptional ice production in 2007-2008 is most likely the cause of the very saline BSW in 2008 and strong plume of dense water toward Fram Strait reported by other authors. Anomalous ice production appears predominantly driven by the duration of the freezing season and anomalous opening of the polynya

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Formation of bottom water and its variability in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan

Tanaka

2014

J. Geophys. Res. Oceans

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The downslope descent of dense shelf water in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan is investigated from a dynamical point of view, paying attention to the formation of bottom water in the winter of 2001. It is supposed that before 1980, the shelf water in Peter the Great Bay sometimes descended far down the continental slope, at least partly reaching depths in excess of 3000 m (the foot of the continental slope). After 1980, however, the shelf water did not descend as far; it either descended only moderately or not at all. In Winter 2001, however, the dense shelf water again descended to depths greater than 3000 m, resulting in the formation of bottom water. Descents of more than 3000 m are due to low temperatures coupled with high salinities, whereas the moderate descents of the late 20th century were purely related to the low temperature of the shelf water. It is estimated that over the continental slope, the shelf water becomes mixed with the ambient water in a ratio of about 1:9 for deep descents, whereas the ratio is about 1:5 for moderate descents. The formation of bottom water is greatly influenced by interannual atmospheric variability; thus in Winter 2001 a combination of the strengthened Siberian High (especially in its northern part) and the Aleutian Low advected very cold air into northeast Asia, producing dense shelf water and resulting in the formation of bottom water.

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Deep convection in the World Ocean

Cited by 386 publications

References 59 publications

The Role of Polar Deep Water Formation in Global Climate Change

The Role of Polar Deep Water Formation in Global Climate Change

Ice production in Storfjorden (Svalbard) estimated from a model based on AMSR‐E observations: Impact on water mass properties

Formation of bottom water and its variability in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan

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