Deep Carbon and the Life Cycle of Large Igneous Provinces

Black, B. A.; Gibson, S. A.

doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.319

Cited by 45 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Moreover, starting from the minimum calculated values of the CO 2 concentration within MIs (i.e., 0.5-0.6 wt%) as representative of CAMP magma, assuming an average density of 2.90 g/cm 3 for basaltic rocks 53 and considering 5-6 × 10 6 km 3 for the total volume of CAMP (in order to take into account the deep plumbing system), the total amount of degassed volcanic CO 2 during CAMP emplacement would be up to 10 5 Gt. Interestingly, the values estimated for the CO 2 concentration of CAMP magma (0.5-1.0 wt %) and for the total amount of degassed volcanic CO 2 during CAMP emplacement (up to 10 5 Gt) are consistent with those assessed in several other LIPs, using different approaches 29 . Full width at half maximum height (cm -1 ) Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…1 and Supplementary Table 1), and combined several in situ analytical techniques to investigate the presence of CO 2 within MI bubbles and constrain their formation depth. Our multidisciplinary analytical approach reveals that gas exsolution bubbles trapped in MIs are a previously unappreciated direct proxy of volatile species degassed during LIP magmatic activity [27][28][29] . In the case of CAMP, our analysis confirms the abundance of CO 2 (up to 10 5 Gt volcanic CO 2 degassed during CAMP emplacement) and indicates that at least part of this carbon has a middle-to lower-crust or mantle origin, suggesting that CAMP eruptions were rapid and potentially catastrophic for both climate and biosphere.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Deep CO2 in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province

et al. 2020

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Large Igneous Province eruptions coincide with many major Phanerozoic mass extinctions, suggesting a cause-effect relationship where volcanic degassing triggers global climatic changes. In order to fully understand this relationship, it is necessary to constrain the quantity and type of degassed magmatic volatiles, and to determine the depth of their source and the timing of eruption. Here we present direct evidence of abundant CO 2 in basaltic rocks from the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), through investigation of gas exsolution bubbles preserved by melt inclusions. Our results indicate abundance of CO 2 and a mantle and/or lower-middle crustal origin for at least part of the degassed carbon. The presence of deep carbon is a key control on the emplacement mode of CAMP magmas, favouring rapid eruption pulses (a few centuries each). Our estimates suggest that the amount of CO 2 that each CAMP magmatic pulse injected into the end-Triassic atmosphere is comparable to the amount of anthropogenic emissions projected for the 21 st century. Such large volumes of volcanic CO 2 likely contributed to end-Triassic global warming and ocean acidification.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

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confidence: 99%

Deep CO2 in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province

et al. 2020

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“…The carbon released at plume settings is of uncertain origin, and is likely derived from multiple sources in the crust and mantle (Black and Gibson, 2019). While radiogenic isotope ratios (e.g., 3 He/ 4 He) suggest that mantle plume material may originate from a deep, primordial carbon reservoir (e.g., Marty et al, 2013), convecting mantle materials such as subducted slabs are likely to be entrained during plume upwellings, additionally contributing to the chemical composition of the plume and its carbon contribution (e.g., Sobolev et al, 2011).…”

Section: Plume-related Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Where two symbols are given a range of estimates is reported; a line to one or both sides of a point marks the uncertainty in the estimate. The flux estimates of Javoy and Pineau (1991) and Aubaud et al (2004) are not shown as they extend beyond the range of the figure (180 Mt C yr −1 and 160 +60 / −30 Mt C yr −1 respectively), as do the uncertainties of Zhang and Zindler (1993) and Cartigny et al (2008), and the maximum bounds of Dasgupta and Hirschmann (2006) The carbon liberated by a plume is likely to vary over its lifetime as a result of the temporal and spatial evolution it undergoes (e.g., Black and Gibson, 2019). In addition, neither the intrinsic properties of a mantle plume (e.g., potential temperature, buoyancy flux) nor the tectonic controls of melt generation (e.g., lithospheric thickness) appear to correlate with magmatic flux and degree of melting (Sleep, 1990), thereby affecting plume carbon fluxes, which, at the present-day, may differ between active plumes by several orders of magnitude (Werner et al, 2019).…”

Section: Plume-related Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Carbon Cycling Over the Past 200 Million Years: A Review of Fluxes in Different Tectonic Settings

et al. 2019

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Carbon is a key control on the surface chemistry and climate of Earth. Significant volumes of carbon are input to the oceans and atmosphere from deep Earth in the form of degassed CO 2 and are returned to large carbon reservoirs in the mantle via subduction or burial. Different tectonic settings (e.g., volcanic arcs, mid-ocean ridges, and continental rifts) emit fluxes of CO 2 that are temporally and spatially variable, and together they represent a first-order control on carbon outgassing from the deep Earth. A change in the relative importance of different tectonic settings throughout Earth's history has therefore played a key role in balancing the deep carbon cycle on geological timescales. Over the past 10 years the Deep Carbon Observatory has made enormous progress in constraining estimates of carbon outgassing flux at different tectonic settings. Using plate boundary evolution modeling and our understanding of present-day carbon fluxes, we develop time series of carbon fluxes into and out of the Earth's interior through the past 200 million years. We highlight the increasing importance of carbonate-intersecting subduction zones over time to carbon outgassing, and the possible dominance of carbon outgassing at continental rift zones, which leads to maxima in outgassing at 130 and 15 Ma. To a first-order, carbon outgassing since 200 Ma may be net positive, averaging ∼50 Mt C yr −1 more than the ingassing flux at subduction zones. Our net outgassing curve is poorly correlated with atmospheric CO 2 , implying that surface carbon cycling processes play a significant role in modulating carbon concentrations and/or there is a long-term crustal or lithospheric storage of carbon which modulates the outgassing flux. Our results highlight the large uncertainties that exist in reconstructing the corresponding in-and outgassing fluxes of carbon. Our synthesis summarizes our current understanding of fluxes at tectonic settings and their influence on atmospheric CO 2 , and provides a framework for future research into Earth's deep carbon cycling, both today and in the past.

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“…Recent work has attempted to compare the recent rates of anthropogenic CO 2 release to periods of dramatic carbon release from deep reservoirs to the atmosphere-ocean system in Earth's history, which are recorded as light carbon isotope excursions in sedimentary records (Zeebe et al 2016). A large carbon isotopic excursion and associated mass extinction at the end of the Permian has been linked to the outpouring of 7-15 million km 3 basalt (Saunders 2005;Reichow et al 2009;Black et al 2012;Black and Gibson 2019) as well as the metamorphic devolatilization (Svensen et al 2009) and combustion (Ogden and Sleep 2012) of buried coal by sills. This event may have released 20 000 to 30 000 Pg C over as long as 10 5 years, but probably in discrete pulses over much shorter timescales (Black et al 2018).…”

Section: Implications For Present-day Anthropogenic Co 2 Release and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magmatic carbon outgassing and uptake of CO2 by alkaline waters

Edmonds

Tutolo

Iacovino

et al. 2020

American Mineralogist

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Much of Earth's carbon resides in the “deep” realms of our planet: sediments, crust, mantle, and core. The interaction of these deep reservoirs of carbon with the surface reservoir (atmosphere and oceans) leads to a habitable surface environment, with an equitable atmospheric composition and comfortable range in temperature that together have allowed life to proliferate. The Earth in Five Reactions project (part of the Deep Carbon Observatory program) identified the most important carbon-bearing reactions of our planet, defined as those which perhaps make our planet unique among those in our Solar System, to highlight and review how the deep and surface carbon cycles connect. Here we review the important reactions that control the concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere: outgassing from magmas during volcanic eruptions and during magmatic activity; and uptake of CO2 by alkaline surface waters. We describe the state of our knowledge about these reactions and their controls, the extent to which we understand the mass budgets of carbon that are mediated by these reactions, and finally, the implications of these reactions for understanding present-day climate change that is driven by anthropogenic emission of CO2.

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Deep Carbon and the Life Cycle of Large Igneous Provinces

Cited by 45 publications

References 30 publications

Deep CO2 in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province

Deep CO2 in the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province

Deep Carbon Cycling Over the Past 200 Million Years: A Review of Fluxes in Different Tectonic Settings

Magmatic carbon outgassing and uptake of CO2 by alkaline waters

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