Deep brain stimulation and eye movements

Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) refers to direct electric stimulation of neuroanatomical structures, usually lying in the depth of the brain. It is typically used to treat movement disorders, targeting areas involved in motor control, although it has also been used to modulate pain processing, cognition, mood, the reward network, arousal system, or to modulate

Eye movements in frontotemporal dementia: Abnormalities of fixation, saccades and anti‐saccades

“…The stimuli were presented on an 18‐inch Dell Latitude E6540 Laptop (resolution of 1920 × 1080 pixels) from a fixed viewing distance of 70 cm, linked to the SR Research Eyelink 1000 Plus table‐mounted eye‐tracker. See Figure 1A adapted from Klarendic, Kaski 5 for examples of stimuli and the associated eye movements. Viewing was binocular but only the right eye was tracked.…”

“…Voluntary pro‐saccades (toward a target: Figure 1A) are primarily under FEF control, whereas reflexive saccades are largely triggered via PEF neurons. Some saccadic tasks, such as anti‐saccades (looking in the opposite direction to a suddenly appearing target; Figure 1A) add cognitive layers to the final oculomotor execution and more directly involve the DLPFC and PEF 5 . In contrast, smooth pursuit and fixation eye movements are initially processed by the extrastriatal cortical regions including V5 and the medial superior temporal visual area, connecting to the posterior parietal cortex, FEF, and SEF before being projected down to the pontine nuclei and cerebellum 5 .…”

Understanding the Significance of the Hypothalamic Nature of the Subthalamic Nucleus

“…Again, direct and indirect pathways play complementary roles with the indirect pathway being important for object choice and deteriorating gaze orientation to “bad” objects ( Kim et al, 2017 ; Hikosaka et al, 2019 ). In addition, deep-brain stimulation of the STN used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, affects eye movements ( Klarendic and Kaski, 2021 ). Other striatal compartments may as well affect oculomotor responses from the SN.…”

Special Issue Editorial: Basal Ganglia/Movement Disorders

“…EDITORIAL by an article by Klarendic and Kaski in which they discuss the application of DBS in different diseases and explore how distinct stimulation locations interfere with eye movement circuits and oculomotor motility (Klarendic & Kaski, 2020). Although STN DBS has significant therapeutic benefits on parkinsonian motor signs, it may sometimes result in unwanted psychiatric and cognitive side effects that dampen its efficacy in PD patients.…”

“…In their review, Stefani and colleagues critically examine the strengths and shortcomings of the 6‐OHDA‐treated rodent model of PD to advance the refinement, and understand the underlying mechanisms of DBS technology to treat complex human brain disorders (Stefani et al., 2020). This is followed by an article by Klarendic and Kaski in which they discuss the application of DBS in different diseases and explore how distinct stimulation locations interfere with eye movement circuits and oculomotor motility (Klarendic & Kaski, 2020). Although STN DBS has significant therapeutic benefits on parkinsonian motor signs, it may sometimes result in unwanted psychiatric and cognitive side effects that dampen its efficacy in PD patients.…”