Abstract:The Moroccan energy strategy has set new targets of reaching 52% of installed renewable energy capacity by 2030, through the development of renewable energy, including solar and wind energy. The massive use of renewables leads the country to deal with its intermittency and improve its integration in the grid. The offset between wind farms generation in different regions is essential for quantifying the reduction of intermittency when we chose wind farms sites. This offset, the smoothing effect, is analyzed dee… Show more
“…Such additional costs will have no impact on the profitability of wind farms in Morocco because these wind farms have a significant benefit margin due to the high potential of wind resources (already achieved $US30/MWh for large‐scale project). Regarding wind projects developed by the National Electricity Office, this paper shows that considering smoothing effect during the phase of site selection has a significant and positive impact on the energy requirement needed to balance because compensation among different climate zones contributes significantly to the supply–demand, as announced by Choukri et al [13]. ‘Regarding the actual limited installed capacity, a heavy smoothing effect has not yet been reached in Morocco.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…5 shows that the wind farms of the north produce more than 20% of their nominal power at 70% of the time while producing more than 70% of their nominal power only for 10% of the time. As for the total output of all wind farms, 70% of the rated power is generated for 25% of the time, proving a significant improvement over existing wind farms [13], while over 20% of the rated power is generated at 75% of the time.…”
Section: Analysis Of the Reserve Capacity For Different Future Windmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…50% (from 15% of the consumption to 7.5%) [12]. In Morocco, a previous paper shows that for the existing wind farms ‘the behaviour of a wind farm is nearly smoothened by the other wind farms through the smoothing effect’ between south and north in Morocco [13], we will analyse this behaviour for planned and future Moroccan wind farms and then we will focus on the backup needed (capacity reserve) to optimise the system. By this optimisation, the ‘National Electricity Company’ will allow to develop more wind farms because the backup needed will be less if the smoothing effect is taken into consideration.…”
Renewable energy (RnE) is a key element for the national energy strategies in the world especially for emerging and developing countries. Morocco, which has no conventional energy resources, depends almost entirely on the international primary energy market, to satisfy its growing demand inherent to its economic growth and its demographic progression, the country import the majority for its supply of energy sources. Morocco has implemented an important energy strategy that supports the country's transition to RnE and energy efficiency that generalises across all consumer sectors of the economy (housing, transport, industry). However, the integration of renewables into power systems and the development of adequate reserve capacity are seem to be significant for these strategies in particular in the wind power case. This study presents the impact of the smoothing effect on reserve capacity and energy savings available through the net balancing between different climate zones to achieve fuel cost savings and reduce CO 2 emissions.
“…Such additional costs will have no impact on the profitability of wind farms in Morocco because these wind farms have a significant benefit margin due to the high potential of wind resources (already achieved $US30/MWh for large‐scale project). Regarding wind projects developed by the National Electricity Office, this paper shows that considering smoothing effect during the phase of site selection has a significant and positive impact on the energy requirement needed to balance because compensation among different climate zones contributes significantly to the supply–demand, as announced by Choukri et al [13]. ‘Regarding the actual limited installed capacity, a heavy smoothing effect has not yet been reached in Morocco.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…5 shows that the wind farms of the north produce more than 20% of their nominal power at 70% of the time while producing more than 70% of their nominal power only for 10% of the time. As for the total output of all wind farms, 70% of the rated power is generated for 25% of the time, proving a significant improvement over existing wind farms [13], while over 20% of the rated power is generated at 75% of the time.…”
Section: Analysis Of the Reserve Capacity For Different Future Windmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…50% (from 15% of the consumption to 7.5%) [12]. In Morocco, a previous paper shows that for the existing wind farms ‘the behaviour of a wind farm is nearly smoothened by the other wind farms through the smoothing effect’ between south and north in Morocco [13], we will analyse this behaviour for planned and future Moroccan wind farms and then we will focus on the backup needed (capacity reserve) to optimise the system. By this optimisation, the ‘National Electricity Company’ will allow to develop more wind farms because the backup needed will be less if the smoothing effect is taken into consideration.…”
Renewable energy (RnE) is a key element for the national energy strategies in the world especially for emerging and developing countries. Morocco, which has no conventional energy resources, depends almost entirely on the international primary energy market, to satisfy its growing demand inherent to its economic growth and its demographic progression, the country import the majority for its supply of energy sources. Morocco has implemented an important energy strategy that supports the country's transition to RnE and energy efficiency that generalises across all consumer sectors of the economy (housing, transport, industry). However, the integration of renewables into power systems and the development of adequate reserve capacity are seem to be significant for these strategies in particular in the wind power case. This study presents the impact of the smoothing effect on reserve capacity and energy savings available through the net balancing between different climate zones to achieve fuel cost savings and reduce CO 2 emissions.
“…Understanding this variability and power ramps could assist network operators in unit commitment, load scheduling and short-term maintenance planning. There is a significant body of literature considering the nature and effects of wind power variability (Kiviluoma et al, 2016; Choukri et al, 2017;Kalverla et al, 2017;Monforti et al, 2016;Sørensen et al, 2018;Thapar et al, 2011). This literature may be divided into studies that were conducted using real wind power data (Kiviluoma et al, 2016;Choukri et al, 2017) and those using meteorological data.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There is a significant body of literature considering the nature and effects of wind power variability (Kiviluoma et al, 2016; Choukri et al, 2017;Kalverla et al, 2017;Monforti et al, 2016;Sørensen et al, 2018;Thapar et al, 2011). This literature may be divided into studies that were conducted using real wind power data (Kiviluoma et al, 2016;Choukri et al, 2017) and those using meteorological data. The latter may in turn be divided between studies using actual observational data (Kalverla et al, 2017) and studies using outputs from numerical weather prediction (Monforti et al, 2014;Sørensen, Heunis, et al, 2018) as proxies for generation data.…”
Wind is a naturally variable resource that fluctuates across timescales and, by the same token, the electricity generated by wind also fluctuates across timescales. At longer timescales, i.e., hours to days, synoptic-scale weather systems, notably cold fronts during South African winter months, are important instigators of strong wind conditions and variability in the wind resource. The variability of wind power production from aggregates of geographically disperse turbines for the passage of individual cold fronts over South Africa was simulated in this study. When considering wind power variability caused by synoptic-scale weather patterns, specifically cold fronts, the timescale at which analysis is conducted was found to be of great importance, as relatively small mean absolute power ramps at a ten-minute temporal resolution, order of 2-4% of simulated capacity, can result in large variations of total wind power production (at the order of 32–93% of simulated capacity) over a period of three to four days as a cold front passes. It was found that when the aggregate consists of a larger and more geographically dispersed set of turbines, as opposed to a smaller set of turbines specifically located within cold-front dominated high wind areas, variability and the mean absolute ramp rates decrease (or gets ‘smoothed’) across the timescales considered. It was finally shown that the majority of large simulated wind power ramp events observed during the winter months, especially at longer timescales, are caused by the passage of cold fronts.
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