Decrypting the multi-functional biological activators and inducers of defense responses against biotic stresses in plants

Microbial consortium mediated acceleration of the defense response in potato against Alternaria solani through prodigious inflation in phenylpropanoid derivatives and redox homeostasis

“…Protection of cultivated crops by the elevation of systemic resistance is a promising and holistic method for suppressing a wide range of hostile plant microorganisms in the current context [ 17 ]. The application of a suitable microbeial consortium, which consists of a diverse range of microorganisms, can provoke agricultural plant resistance in response to invading diseases.…”

Progress in Microbial Fertilizer Regulation of Crop Growth and Soil Remediation Research

“…The defense mechanisms of PGPR protect against pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi by inducing systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants [105,106]. PGPR-dominant strains that induce ISR include Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Serratia.…”

“…ISR is an activation response induced by a diverse array of beneficial and detrimental microorganisms, as well as environmental stressors. It is not possible to unequivocally discern the mechanism that induces ISR [106,107]. The primary mechanism by which PGPRs defend plants from biotic stress is their capacity to synthesize antibiotics [108].…”

“…Bacillus also produces distinct antibiotic classes, primarily Bacillomycin, Rhizobiumin, and Mycobacteriumin. It is also known to generate antimicrobial surface-active agents [106]. In particular, Bacillus subtilis stops pathogens through biological control.…”

Binucleate Rhizoctonia induced tomato resistance against Rhizoctonia solani via affecting antioxidants and cell wall reinforcement

“…Application of beneficial microorganisms [ 3 ] or their metabolites [ 21 ], with direct antifungal effect or indirect efficacy via resistance induction in the host plant against pathogen, can be considered as the most effective method for controlling the diseases caused by R. solani and other fungi [ 22 , 23 ]. During plant-pathogen interaction, a variety of defense mechanisms are activated in the host plant to decrease penetration, progress, and proliferation of various phytopathogens in the plant tissues [ 24 , 25 ]. A successful plant defense strategy depends on quick recognition of the pathogen and activation of various biochemical and structural defense mechanisms [ 26 , 27 ].…”