Decreasing the Ratio of Dietary Linoleic to α-Linolenic Acid from 10 to 4 by Changing Only the Former Does Not Prevent Adiposity or Bone Deterioration in Obese Mice

Abstract

Background Linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n–6) has been considered to promote low-grade chronic inflammation and adiposity. Studies show adiposity and inflammation are inversely associated with bone mass. Objectives This study tested the hypothesis that decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n–3), while keeping ALA constant, mitigates high-fat diet (HF)-induced adiposity and bone loss. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice at 6 wk old were assigned to 4 treatment groups and fed 1 of the following diets ad libitum for 6 mo: a normal-fat diet (NF; 3.85 kcal/g and 10% energy as fat) with the ratio of the PUFAs LA to ALA at 6; or HFs (4.73 kcal/g and 45% energy as fat) with the ratio of LA to ALA at 10:1, 7:1, or 4:1, respectively. ALA content in the diets was kept the same for all groups at 1% energy. Bone structure, body composition, bone-related cytokines in serum, and gene expression in bone were measured. Data were analyzed using 1-factor ANOVA. Results Compared with those fed the NF, mice fed the HFs had 19.6% higher fat mass (P < 0.01) and 13.5% higher concentration of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (P < 0.05), a bone resorption cytokine. Mice fed the HFs had 19.5% and 12.2% lower tibial and second lumbar vertebral bone mass, respectively (P < 0.01). Decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to ALA from 10 to 4 did not affect body mass, fat mass, serum TRAP and TNF-α, or any bone structural parameters. Conclusions These data indicate that decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to ALA from 10 to 4 by simply reducing LA intake does not prevent adiposity or improve bone structure in obese mice.

How high‐fat diet affects bone in mice: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…We identified 5193 records in the initial search and then removed 1930 duplicates. After the screening based on titles, abstracts, and full‐texts, 80 articles 16,19–97 were finally included in systematic review and 60 articles 16,19–24,26,27,29–38,40–42,44–46,48,50–53,55,56,59,60,64,66,68,70–74,76–79,81–84,86,88–90,92–97 with data of μCT or bone mechanical properties assessment were included in the meta‐analysis (Figure 1).…”

“…We identified 5193 records in the initial search and then removed 1930 duplicates. After the screening based on titles, abstracts, and full-texts, 80 articles 16, were finally included in systematic review and 60 articles 16,[19][20][21][22][23][24]26,27,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][40][41][42][44][45][46]48,[50][51][52][53]55,56,59,60,64,66,68,[70][71][72][73][74][76][77][78][79][81][82][83][84]…”

Selection of promising lines for yield and quality traits in advanced segregating generation of linseed

“…Most linseed oils are processed either for nutritive uses or industrial purposes depending on the fatty acid profile of the oil. The modification of fatty acid profile (such as linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and the ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid) to improve oil quality is an important and evolving theme in linseed research to meet nutritional needs and industrial criteria in the modern market (Cao et al, 2020; Ceh et al, 2020). Overall, families #84, 23, 95, 11, 1, 96, 31, 51, 70, 71, 76, 74, 48, 59, 89, 16, 30, 61، 3، 24, 22, 94, 45، 103، 90, 13, 15, and 7 had above average values for seed yield and oil content and possessed advantage for these traits.…”

Effects of Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil on Bone Healing Efficiency: An Animal Study

“…In this study, we found that S. mukorossi seed oil significantly increased mineralized nodules of WJMSCs ( Figure 3 ). As mentioned above, ω-3 UFAs significantly increase bone regeneration [ 7 , 9 , 10 , 32 ] and can promote bone regeneration by enhancing calcium ion transmission [ 33 ] and strengthening at the Akt signaling pathway for cell membranes [ 34 ]. However, ω-6 UFAs can activate osteoclasts [ 15 ], and several studies have indicated that the ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 UFAs within cell membranes can be an indicator of cellular function [ 11 ], particularly in bone regeneration pathways induced by cell membranes [ 35 ].…”

“…However, recent research has found that the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 UFA on bone health are different. Some studies suggest that ω-3 UFA, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), significantly increase bone regeneration and improve microstructure and structural strength [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Additionally, animal studies have shown that ω-3 UFA not only has anti-inflammatory effects [ 11 ] but also reduced osteoclasts by 60% and bone resorption by 80% [ 12 ].…”