Decreased water flowing from a forest amended with calcium silicate

Green, Mark B.; Bailey, Amey S.; Bailey, Scott W.; Battles, John J.; Campbell, John L.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Fahey, Timothy J.; Lepine, L. C.; Likens, Gene E.; Ollinger, Scott V.; Schaberg, Paul G.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1302445110

Cited by 44 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Predicting the impact of trees on stream chemistry therefore depends on understanding the degree of connection between the hillslope and the stream (Herndon et al, 2015). According to this hypothesis, biogeochemical processes such as cation exchange occurring in matrix waters can influence ecological responses in streams under conditions of high connectivity (e.g., Green et al, 2013).…”

Section: Hypothesis 8 Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Use Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Trees, the most successful biological power plants on earth, build and plumb the critical zone (CZ) in ways that we do not yet understand. To encourage exploration of the character and implications of interactions between trees and soil in the CZ, we propose nine hypotheses that can be tested at diverse settings. The hypotheses are roughly divided into those about the architecture (building) and those about the water (plumbing) in the CZ, but the two functions are intertwined. Depending upon one's disciplinary background, many of the nine hypotheses listed below may appear obviously true or obviously false. (1) Tree roots can only physically penetrate and biogeochemically comminute the immobile substrate underlying mobile soil where that underlying substrate is fractured or pre-weathered. (2) In settings where the thickness of weathered material, H , is large, trees primarily shape the CZ through biogeochemical reactions within the rooting zone. (3) In forested uplands, the thickness of mobile soil, h, can evolve toward a steady state because of feedbacks related to root disruption and tree throw. (4) In settings where h H and the rates of uplift and erosion are low, the uptake of phosphorus into trees is buffered by the fine-grained fraction of the soil, and the ultimate source of this phosphorus is dust. (5) In settings of limited water availability, trees maintain the highest length density of functional roots at depths where water can be extracted over most of the growing season with the least amount of energy expenditure. (6) Trees grow the majority of their roots in the zone where the most growth-limiting resource is abundant, but they also grow roots at other depths to forage for other resources and to hydraulically redistribute those resources to depths where they can be taken up more efficiently. (7) Trees rely on matrix water in the unsaturated zone that at times may have anPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 5116 S. L. Brantley et al.: Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone isotopic composition distinct from the gravity-drained water that transits from the hillslope to groundwater and streamflow. (8) Mycorrhizal fungi can use matrix water directly, but trees can only use this water by accessing it indirectly through the fungi. (9) Even trees growing well above the valley floor of a catchment can directly affect stream chemistry where changes in permeability near the rooting zone promote intermittent zones of water saturation and downslope flow of water to the stream. By testing these nine hypotheses, we will generate important new cross-disciplinary insights that advance CZ science.

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Section: Hypothesis 8 Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Use Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

et al. 2017

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“…Only five of the 62 stations show negative trends in streamflow, with the rest showing increases of up to 45%. The change in streamflow for the relatively undisturbed reference watershed at the HBEF (Watershed 3) is at the 95th percentile, and is exceeded slightly by a watershed that was amended with Ca (W1; Green et al 2013). Forest harvesting experiments caused high flows early in the record, which affected the streamflow trends at these sites, resulting in less dramatic increases (13% and 29% change).…”

Section: Changes In Climate and Hydrologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The promise and peril of intensive‐site‐based ecological research: insights from the Hubbard Brook ecosystem study

Fahey

Templer

Anderson

et al. 2015

Ecology

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Abstract. Ecological research is increasingly concentrated at particular locations or sites. This trend reflects a variety of advantages of intensive, site-based research, but also raises important questions about the nature of such spatially delimited research: how well does site based research represent broader areas, and does it constrain scientific discovery? We provide an overview of these issues with a particular focus on one prominent intensive research site: the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, USA. Among the key features of intensive sites are: long-term, archived data sets that provide a context for new discoveries and the elucidation of ecological mechanisms; the capacity to constrain inputs and parameters, and to validate models of complex ecological processes; and the intellectual cross-fertilization among disciplines in ecological and environmental sciences. The feasibility of scaling up ecological observations from intensive sites depends upon both the phenomenon of interest and the characteristics of the site. An evaluation of deviation metrics for the HBEF illustrates that, in some respects, including sensitivity and recovery of streams and trees from acid deposition, this site is representative of the Northern Forest region, of which HBEF is a part. However, the mountainous terrain and lack of significant agricultural legacy make the HBEF among the least disturbed sites in the Northern Forest region. Its relatively cool, wet climate contributes to high stream flow compared to other sites. These similarities and differences between the HBEF and the region can profoundly influence ecological patterns and processes and potentially limit the generality of observations at this and other intensive sites. Indeed, the difficulty of scaling up may be greatest for ecological phenomena that are sensitive to historical disturbance and that exhibit the greatest spatiotemporal variation, such as denitrification in soils and the dynamics of bird communities. Our research shows that end member sites for some processes often provide important insights into the behavior of inherently heterogeneous ecological processes. In the current era of rapid environmental and biological change, key ecological responses at intensive sites will reflect both specific local drivers and regional trends.

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“…Nezat et al (2010) found that it took 3-9 years for the applied Ca to infiltrate the deeper flow paths in the soil profile before it was exported to the stream. Within this same watershed, Green et al (2013) found that stream flow was increased due to reduced rates of evapotranspiration for three years, before returning to pre-treatment levels. They attributed this to increased aboveground productivity due to the short term correction of a nutrient imbalance, as found in other studies (e.g., Kulmatiski et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…) was applied to a forested catchment with Ca depleted soils and the responses have been extensively studied (Juice et al, 2006;Nezat et al, 2010;Green et al, 2013). Juice et al (2006) found that Ca addition increased the pH of the Oi + Oe horizons from 3.8 to 5.0 and the Oa horizon from 3.9 to 4.2 within 3 years of treatment; foliar and fine root Ca concentrations also increased.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High elevation watersheds in the southern Appalachians: Indicators of sensitivity to acidic deposition and the potential for restoration through liming

Knoepp

Vose

Jackson

et al. 2016

Forest Ecology and Management

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elevation watersheds in the southern Appalachians: Indicators of sensitivity to acidic deposition and the potential for restoration through liming" (2016 . We studied three 3rd order watersheds (North River in Cherokee National Forest, Santeetlah Creek in Nantahala National Forest, and North Fork of the French Broad in Pisgah National Forest) and selected four to six 1st order catchments within each watershed to represent a gradient in elevation (849-1526 m) and a range in acidic stream ANC values (11-50 leq L À1 ). Our objectives were to (1) identify biotic, physical and chemical catchment parameters that could be used as indices of stream ANC, pH and Ca:Al molar ratios and (2) estimate the lime required to restore catchments from the effects of excess acidity and increase base cation availability. We quantified each catchment's biotic, physical, and chemical characteristics and collected stream, O-horizon, and mineral soil samples for chemical analysis seasonally for one year. Using repeated measures analysis, we examined variability in stream chemistry and catchment characteristics; we used a nested split-plot design to identify catchment characteristics that were correlated with stream chemistry. Watersheds differed significantly and the catchments sampled provided a wide range of stream chemical, biotic, physical and chemical characteristics. Variability in stream ANC, pH, and Ca:Al molar ratio were significantly correlated with catchment vegetation characteristics (basal area, tree height, and tree diameter) as well as O-horizon nitrogen and aluminum concentrations. Total soil carbon and calcium (an indicator of parent material), were significant covariates for stream ANC, pH and Ca:Al molar ratios. Lime requirement estimates did not differ among watersheds but this data will help select catchments for future restoration and lime application studies. Not surprisingly, this work found many vegetation and chemical characteristics that were useful indicators of stream acidity. However, some expected relationships such as concentrations of mineral soil extractable Ca and SO 4 were not significant. This suggests that an extensive test of these indicators across the southern Appalachians will be required to identify high elevation forested catchments that would benefit from restoration activities.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Decreased water flowing from a forest amended with calcium silicate

Cited by 44 publications

References 51 publications

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

The promise and peril of intensive‐site‐based ecological research: insights from the Hubbard Brook ecosystem study

High elevation watersheds in the southern Appalachians: Indicators of sensitivity to acidic deposition and the potential for restoration through liming

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