Decreased intelligence in children and exposure to fluoride and arsenic in drinking water

Rocha-Amador, Diana Olivia; Navarro, María Elena; Carrizales, Leticia; Morales, R.; Calderón, Jaqueline

doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2007001600018

Cited by 160 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moreover, nitrite in the stomach due to acidic conditions is converted to N-nitroso compounds that have genotoxic potential in humans [24]. In addition, higher concentrations of fluoride in water samples in children result in impaired mental growth, plus skeletal and dental fluorosis [25]. The presence of total and fecal coliforms also indicates water contamination with animal and/or human wastes [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Drinking Water Quality in Punjab, Pakistan

Shahid¹,

Zia²,

Shahid³

et al. 2015

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Supply of safe, clean, and abundant water for drinking purposes is essential for good health. According to a United Nations report [1], about 884 million people are not getting clean water. The availability of safe drinking water is a growing key concern for the international community. In the context of population boost and water contamination [2,3], access to safe drinking water has become a global challenge in developing countries [4][5][6][7]. Water pollution has significant repercussions for the environment and human health [8]. It is also obvious that millions of people from poor countries die each year as a result of water-related preventable diseases [9,10].Different physical parameters such as pH, EC, and turbidity are important indicator of safe drinking water quality characteristics. Turbidity in water arises from the inclusion of silt, clay, and organic suspended particles. Turbidity of drinking water is related to its aesthetic as a qualitative parameter as it effects the visual acceptability of the water by the consumer. The pH of drinking water is a very important parameter that can have direct and indirect effects on quality. The pH of the water has a direct relationship with corrosiveness of the supply pipes and can increase the concentration of metals in the water. Direct exposure to water with extreme pH leads to irritation of the eyes, skin, and mucosal membranes [11].Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids are secondary water quality parameters and represent the activity or the total amount of cations and anions present in the water. The major cations and anions in drinking water are Na , and these should Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 6 (2015), [2597][2598][2599][2600][2601][2602][2603][2604][2605][2606] Original AbstractAccess to safe drinking water is crucial for healthy human life. Our study aimed to investigate the concentration of various pollutants in water samples collected from student hostels of the University of the Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan, and the potential risk of these pollutants for health. A total of 18 samples from 12 different locations were assessed for physical, biological, and chemical contaminants using standard methods. The concentrations of arsenic (As) and coliform bacteria were above the international standards given by the World Health Organization (WHO). The range of As concentration was from 24.92 to 32.72 µg·L -1. Similarly, the two water samples showed bacterial contamination 38 MPN/100 mL and 21 MPN/100 mL -exceeding the standard value set by WHO (0 MPN/100 mL). We conclude that drinking water quality was poor, as is evident from the high concentration of As. Urgent measures are required to prevent such contamination and regular monitoring of drinking water quality in the study area.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Drinking Water Quality in Punjab, Pakistan

Shahid¹,

Zia²,

Shahid³

et al. 2015

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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“…17 Saxena et al and Shivaprakash et al in their study have also demonstrated that intellectual capacity of children decreases with increase in the fluorosis grade. 6,19 Data from previous studies support to the hypothesis that interaction between fluoride, lead, and arsenic could worsen the children's intelligence grades, 20 and thus, indicate a need for further investigation. Guan et al demonstrated that the contents of phospholipids and ubiquinone are altered in the brain of rats affected by chronic fluorosis, and therefore changes in membrane lipids could be a cause of this disorder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Effect of Fluoride Exposure Through Drinking Water on the Oral Health Status and Intelligence Profile of School Children of District Una, Himachal Pradesh: An Interim Analysis

Sharma¹,

Singh²,

Kumar³

et al. 2016

jemds

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BACKGROUND This interim analysis of an ongoing project aims to study the association of fluoride levels with dental fluorosis and intelligence among children of 10-14 years of age in study area. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted in randomly selected 15 government high schools of District Una, Himachal Pradesh. The analysis of seven schools is being discussed with a sample size of 270. Dean's Fluorosis index was used to study fluorosis level and Intelligence test was conducted on students by using Raven's standard progressive matrices questionnaire.Study Duration-Nine months. RESULTSDental fluorosis was observed among 11.5% of students. It was higher among females (12.4%) as compared to males (10.6%). The intelligence level assessment of student showed that all of them were in the range of above average; about 83.3% of students were having grade III (Average) level of intelligence. CONCLUSIONAs the fluorosis level increased, the proportion of children with lower intelligence increased. Based on the findings, the chronic exposure to high levels of fluoride can be one of the factors that influence intellectual development.

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“…Moreover, As is a potent endocrine disruptor; thus, it may interact with estrogen and thyroid hormones, both of which are essential for brain development (Davey et al 2008). Several studies reported an association between exposure to arsenic and deleterious effects in IQ scores as well as in memory and performance domains in children aged 5-15 years (e.g., Rocha-Amador et al 2007;Hamadani et al 2011;Wasserman et al 2011). On the other hand, no significant effects were found between arsenic and behavioral disorders (Roy et al 2011;Yousef et al 2011;Khan et al 2012).…”

Section: The Effects Of Metal Co-exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Heavy Metal Pollution in Neurobehavioral Disorders: a Focus on Autism

Gorini

Muratori

Morales

2014

Rev J Autism Dev Disord

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An increasing evidence supports the role of industrial chemicals as contributors to the development of neurobehavioral disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, whose prevalence has progressively increased in recent years. Heavy metals, in particular, are recognized as neurodevelopmental toxins since they can be responsible of fetal damages which lead to neurological defects, developmental delays, learning disabilities and behavioral abnormalities. Most of the reviewed studies reported a relationship between exposure to metals during perinatal and early childhood periods and increased risk for autism. Moreover, the effects resulting from co-exposure to multiple metals should not be underestimated, especially in the assessment of children who live in developing countries or near heavily contaminated sites.

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Decreased intelligence in children and exposure to fluoride and arsenic in drinking water

Cited by 160 publications

References 13 publications

Assessing Drinking Water Quality in Punjab, Pakistan

Assessing Drinking Water Quality in Punjab, Pakistan

Effect of Fluoride Exposure Through Drinking Water on the Oral Health Status and Intelligence Profile of School Children of District Una, Himachal Pradesh: An Interim Analysis

The Role of Heavy Metal Pollution in Neurobehavioral Disorders: a Focus on Autism

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