Decreased birefringence of the superficial zone collagen network in the canine knee (stifle) articular cartilage after long distance running training, detected by quantitative polarised light microscopy.

Arokoski, Jari; Hyttinen, Marko; Lapveteläinen, Tuomo; Takacs, P.; Kosztaczky, B.; Módis, László; Kovanen, Vuokko; Helminen, Heikki J.

doi:10.1136/ard.55.4.253

Cited by 158 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…(36,37) On the contrary, cartilage has only a very limited ability to undergo long-term volume changes, (38,39) but its biochemical composition can adjust. (40,41) However, in our study, we did not find any changes in the estimated biochemical composition of cartilage, which is dissimilar to the findings of a study by Roos and Dahlberg. (7) Their study showed significant positive change in the mean dGEMRIC index after a moderate 4-month weight bearing exercise program in meniscectomized middle-aged subjects.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Effects of High-Impact Training on Bone and Articular Cartilage: 12-Month Randomized Controlled Quantitative MRI Study

Multanen

Nieminen

Häkkinen

et al. 2013

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis often coexist in postmenopausal women. The simultaneous effect of bone-favorable high-impact training on these diseases is not well understood and is a topic of controversy. We evaluated the effects of high-impact exercise on bone mineral content (BMC) and the estimated biochemical composition of knee cartilage in postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis. Eighty women aged 50 to 66 years with mild knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to undergo supervised progressive exercise three times a week for 12 months (n ¼ 40) or to a nonintervention control group (n ¼ 40). BMC of the femoral neck, trochanter, and lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The biochemical composition of cartilage was estimated using delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cartilage (dGEMRIC), sensitive to cartilage glycosaminoglycan content, and transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping that is sensitive to the properties of the collagen network. In addition, we evaluated clinically important symptoms and physical performance-related risk factors of falling: cardiorespiratory fitness, dynamic balance, maximal isometric knee extension and flexion forces, and leg power. Thirty-six trainees and 40 controls completed the study. The mean gain in femoral neck BMC in the exercise group was 0.6% (95% CI, -0.2% to 1.4%) and the mean loss in the control group was -1.2% (95% CI, -2.1% to -0.4%). The change in baseline, body mass, and adjusted body mass change in BMC between the groups was significant (p ¼ 0.005), whereas no changes occurred in the biochemical composition of the cartilage, as investigated by MRI. Balance, muscle force, and cardiorespiratory fitness improved significantly more (3% to 11%) in the exercise group than in the control group. Progressively implemented high-impact training, which increased bone mass, did not affect the biochemical composition of cartilage and may be feasible in the prevention of osteoporosis and physical performance-related risk factors of falling in postmenopausal women.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Effects of High-Impact Training on Bone and Articular Cartilage: 12-Month Randomized Controlled Quantitative MRI Study

Multanen

Nieminen

Häkkinen

et al. 2013

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…Several animal studies demonstrated a loss of collagen fiber anisotropy of the superficial cartilage in the earliest phase of cartilage damage, preceding gross fibrillation (34)(35)(36). Disorganization of the collagen matrix was observed early in canine femoral condylar cartilage following anterior cruciate ligament transaction (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Degeneration of superficial cartilage collagen is augmented with exercise. Longdistance running has been shown to lead to a loss of superficial collagen fiber orientation in a dog model (35) and older guinea pigs (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age dependency of cartilage magnetic resonance imaging T2 relaxation times in asymptomatic women

Mosher

Liu

Yang

et al. 2004

Arthritis & Rheumatism

114

101

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Objective. Because the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) transverse relaxation time (T2) of cartilage is sensitive to organization of collagen fibers in the cartilage, it may be a noninvasive image marker for senescent changes in cartilage collagen and early cartilage degeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine age-dependent differences in cartilage T2 values in healthy asymptomatic women.Methods. Quantitative T2 maps of patellar cartilage from 30 asymptomatic women ages 22-86 years were obtained using a 3.0T MRI scanner. The study population was stratified by age into 4 cohorts: 18-30, 31-45, 46-65, and 66-86 years. Spatial differences in cartilage T2 were determined as a function of normalized distance from bone. Older groups were compared with the 18-30-year-old group to determine the effects of age on cartilage T2 values. Regions were considered statistically significantly different if the mean T2 values between groups differed at P < 0.05.Results. Mean cartilage T2 profiles were nearly identical for the 2 youngest cohorts. Compared with the 18-30-year-old group, T2 values were statistically significantly longer in the superficial 40% of cartilage in the 46-65-year-old group and over the entire cartilage thickness in the 66-86-year-old group.Conclusion. The location of T2 elevations in women over the age of 45 years is consistent with the theory that senescent changes of cartilage collagen begin near the articular surface and progress to the deeper cartilage with advancing age.Age is a recognized risk factor in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) (1). Epidemiology studies demonstrate a linear increase in OA in individuals younger than 45 years of age, with an exponential increase in those of older ages (1). Understanding of both OA and the basic aging of connective tissue would be of benefit if specific parameters in cartilage could be identified that reflect senescent modification of tissue. Because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can directly visualize articular cartilage, it is likely to be a useful modality in the study of cartilage aging and OA. Current clinical MRI techniques demonstrate joint anatomy and can be used to determine morphologic parameters such as cartilage volume, thickness, and presence of focal, superficial cartilage lesions (2). More recently, techniques for generating spatially localized quantitative maps of the MRI relaxation times of cartilage have been described (3). These MRI parametric mapping techniques have the potential to identify and localize specific biochemical and structural changes within the extracellular matrix of cartilage.The transverse relation time (T2) is a measurable MRI time constant that is sensitive to the slow molecular motion of mobile protons. In articular cartilage, the T2 relaxation time has a linear correlation with the water content of tissue (4) and is sensitive to loss of collagen content (5) and to the orientation of collagen fibers (6) in the extracellular matrix. There is a strong inverse correlation between spatially localized cart...

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“…42 However, for the AC samples collected from dogs with running training, the birefringence in both superficial and deep zones decreased almost a quarter compared with the controls. 39 These previous studies suggested that the birefringence of AC could be changed once the organization of the collagen meshwork was altered by external loads. Accordingly, the RI distribution should also react to the zonal orientation and disorganization of collagen fibrils.…”

Section: Ri Distribution With Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The depth distribution of birefringence was also studied with polarized microscopy because it is closely related to the density and orientation of collagen fibrils. [38][39][40][41] The birefringence of normal AC decreased from the articular surface but increased throughout the deep zone until it peaked in the tidemark. 42 However, for the AC samples collected from dogs with running training, the birefringence in both superficial and deep zones decreased almost a quarter compared with the controls.…”

Section: Ri Distribution With Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth-dependent refractive index of normal and early degenerated articular cartilage

Wang¹,

Wu²,

Kirk³

2013

J. Biomed. Opt

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Abstract. The depth distributions of refractive index (RI) in normal and early degenerated articular cartilage (AC) were measured and correlated to the pathological statuses. Utilizing a confocal microscope, the depth distribution of RI was determined with an interval of 50 μm from the articular surface and approximated as a smooth curve. The fluctuation of RI was quantified with a specially defined coefficient and the proteoglycan (PG) loss was quantified with histological images. The overall RI of the AC collected from the femoral condyles of mature sheep was 1.4444. Significant differences existed in the refractive indices of different cartilage samples or even in the different depths of the same sample. The RI of normal cartilage distributed as a regular ramp or arch curve with depth and peaked in the middle-deep zone. The cartilage samples detected with high PG losses were coupled with severe fluctuations of RI. The fluctuating level was increased with pathological progress. The coefficient of RI fluctuation can distinguish the normal cartilage from the initially degenerated one, which potentially provides an indicator to detect the pathological development of AC. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Decreased birefringence of the superficial zone collagen network in the canine knee (stifle) articular cartilage after long distance running training, detected by quantitative polarised light microscopy.

Abstract: Objective-To investigate the effects of a one year programme of running training (up to

Cited by 158 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of High-Impact Training on Bone and Articular Cartilage: 12-Month Randomized Controlled Quantitative MRI Study

Effects of High-Impact Training on Bone and Articular Cartilage: 12-Month Randomized Controlled Quantitative MRI Study

Age dependency of cartilage magnetic resonance imaging T2 relaxation times in asymptomatic women

Depth-dependent refractive index of normal and early degenerated articular cartilage

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