“…Contamination of algae cultures may be caused by many organisms, including competing algae (e.g. Diatoms: Shea et al 2006, Winckelmann et al 2016cyanobacteria: Meseck 2007;andgreen algae: Grivalský et al 2021, Behera et al 2022), epiphytes (Borburema et al 2021;Behera et al 2022), fungi and bacteria (Fott 1967;Berland et al 1972;Gutman et al 2009;Carney and Lane 2014;Fulbright et al 2018), and zooplankton grazers (mainly ciliates, rotifers, copepods, amoeba, and dinoflagellates: Deore et al 2020;Di Caprio 2020). Biological contamination of both micro and macroalgal cultures is one of the greatest challenges for efficient, reliable and scalable production of algal biomass (Fernandes et al 2011;Deore et al 2020;Zhu et al 2020;Behera et al 2022).…”