“…Individual language learning is driven by a strive for autonomy (Maas, 2008, 272;Castellotti & Moore, 2011) or voice (Blommaert, 2010, p. 180 ;Blommaert & Backus, 2013, p. 29 ;Busch, 2016), especially when children first learn to speak but also when adults learn new ways of acting in an unfamiliar context that affords language learning (Ben Harrat & Zeiter, in this number ;Zeiter, 2019b, p. 151). Mobile adults like Natalia who have to live and act in a new language before speaking and writing it have individual reasons for wanting to learn a language, individual forms of autonomy they are striving for (Zeiter, 2019a). This does not require the individual to be conscious of this or explicitly aim to learn to have autonomy (even less so at an early age, in the ontogenetic perspective).…”