Deconstructing the Gratton effect: Targeting dissociable trial sequence effects in children, pre-adolescents, and adults

Erb, Christopher D.; Marcovitch, Stuart

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.007

Cited by 35 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In the Flanker task, the congruency effect on reaction time was greater for older participants, who showed a greater relative slowing on incongruent trials compared to congruent trials. This differs from the results of Erb and Marcovitch (2018), who found the congruency effect on accuracy and reaction time to decrease from childhood to adulthood. Based on the Gratton effect we should expect reaction time to be faster and accuracy to improve on trials in which the congruency is repeated compared to where congruency differs between trials (Gratton et al, 1992).…”

Section: Congruency and Gratton Effectscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Botvinick et al (2001) suggested that the conflict inducing stimuli triggers an augmentation of cognitive control, which carries over into the next trial, reducing the impact of distracting information. This effect has also been observed in children (Erb & Marcovitch, 2018;Erb, Moher, Song, & Sobel, 2018). A recent study on children and adults by Erb and Marcovitch (2018), found that the Gratton effect was greater in mid childhood compared to preadolescence and adulthood, while no difference was found between pre-adolescents and adults.…”

Section: Interference Control Is Commonly Measured With Behavioral Tamentioning

confidence: 63%

“…This effect has also been observed in children (Erb & Marcovitch, 2018;Erb, Moher, Song, & Sobel, 2018). A recent study on children and adults by Erb and Marcovitch (2018), found that the Gratton effect was greater in mid childhood compared to preadolescence and adulthood, while no difference was found between pre-adolescents and adults.…”

Section: Interference Control Is Commonly Measured With Behavioral Tamentioning

confidence: 63%

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Electrophysiological and behavioral indices of cognitive conflict processing across adolescence

Øverbye

Walhovd

Fjell

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Cognitive control enables goal-oriented adaptation to a fast-changing environment and has a slow developmental trajectory that spans into young adulthood. The specifics of this development are still poorly understood, as are the neurodevelopmental mechanisms that drive it. In a cross-sectional sample of participants 8-19 years old (n = 108), we used blind source separation of EEG data recorded in a Flanker task to derive electrophysiological measures of attention and the processing of cognitive conflict, including a frontal negative component corresponding to the N2 and a parietal positive component corresponding to the P3. Additionally, we examined multiple behavioral measures of interference control derived from the Flanker, Stroop, and Anti-saccade tasks. We found a positive association between age and the amplitude of the parietal positive component, while there was no relationship between age and the amplitude of the frontal negative component. A stronger frontal negative amplitude was, however, ageindependently related to better performance on both Stroop and Anti-saccade measures of interference control. Finally, we examined post-conflict behavioral adjustment on the Flanker task. A Gratton effect was found with slower reaction times on current congruent and better accuracy on current incongruent trials when preceded by incongruent as opposed to congruent trials. The Gratton effect on accuracy was positively associated with age. Together, the findings suggest a multifaceted developmental pattern in neurocognitive mechanisms for conflict processing across adolescence, with a more protracted development of the parietal positive compared to the frontal negative component.

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Section: Congruency and Gratton Effectscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Interference Control Is Commonly Measured With Behavioral Tamentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Interference Control Is Commonly Measured With Behavioral Tamentioning

confidence: 63%

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Electrophysiological and behavioral indices of cognitive conflict processing across adolescence

Øverbye

Walhovd

Fjell

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…In the light of previous reach‐tracking research investigating cognitive control in children and adults (Erb & Marcovitch, in press; Erb et al., , , ), we proposed that initiation time and reach curvature could be used to target how the threshold adjustment process and controlled selection process function in the Simon task at different points in development. Consistent with this claim, we observed distinct patterns of effects in the measures, as illustrated in Figures B and C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a series of recent studies, Erb and Marcovitch (in press), Erb, Moher, Sobel, and Song (), and Erb, Moher, Song, and Sobel (, ) tested the proposal that two of the measures afforded by reach tracking— initiation time (the time elapsed between stimulus onset and movement onset) and reach curvature (a measure of the degree to which a movement deviates from a direct path to the selected response location)—can be used to target the functioning of the threshold adjustment and controlled selection processes, respectively. Across multiple cognitive control tasks including the Stroop () task and the Eriksen flanker task (Eriksen & Eriksen, ), the researchers found evidence that initiation times reflect the threshold adjustment process by indexing how long the “brake” is put on behavior, with higher levels of conflict resulting in greater inhibition of motor output and, consequently, longer initiation times.…”

Section: Within‐trial Dynamics: a Contemporary Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the Within‐Trial, Cross‐Trial, and Developmental Dynamics of Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task

Erb

Marcovitch

2018

Child Development

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Six- to 8-year-olds, 10- to 12-year-olds, and adults (N = 108) performed the Simon task by reaching to targets on a digital display. The spatial and temporal characteristics of their movements were used to assess how two key processes underlying cognitive control-a threshold adjustment process and a controlled selection process-unfold over the course of a response (within-trial dynamics), are modulated by recent experience (cross-trial dynamics), and contribute to age-related gains in control (developmental dynamics). The results indicate that the controlled selection process undergoes a more protracted development than the threshold adjustment process. The results also shed light on a prominent debate concerning the cross-trial dynamics of control by supporting the feature integration account over the conflict adaptation account.

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Midfrontal theta oscillations and conflict monitoring in children and adults

Chevalier

Hadley

Balthrop

2021

Developmental Psychobiology

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Conflict monitoring is central in cognitive control, as detection of conflict serves as a signal for the need to engage control. This study examined whether (1) midfrontal theta oscillations similarly support conflict monitoring in children and adults, and (2) performance monitoring difficulty influences conflict monitoring and resolution. Children (n = 25) and adults (n = 24) completed a flanker task with fair or rigged response feedback. Relative to adults, children showed a smaller congruency effect on midfrontal theta power, overall lower midfrontal theta power and coherence, and (unlike adults) no correlation between midfrontal theta power and N2 amplitude, suggesting that reduced neural communication efficiency contributes to less efficient conflict monitoring in children than adults. In both age groups, response feedback fairness affected response times and the P3, but neither midfrontal theta oscillations nor the N2, indicating that performance monitoring difficulty influenced conflict resolution but not conflict monitoring.

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Deconstructing the Gratton effect: Targeting dissociable trial sequence effects in children, pre-adolescents, and adults

Cited by 35 publications

References 61 publications

Electrophysiological and behavioral indices of cognitive conflict processing across adolescence

Electrophysiological and behavioral indices of cognitive conflict processing across adolescence

Tracking the Within‐Trial, Cross‐Trial, and Developmental Dynamics of Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task

Midfrontal theta oscillations and conflict monitoring in children and adults

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