“…On the other hand, this integration tends to be fragile if public policies are rigid and guided by the desire to preserve monoculturalism and compulsory assimilation by tightening the conditions for immigration, access to citizenship, and the rights inherent to it. However, multiculturalism is not synonymous with integration, as it can be indexed to the marginalization of some immigrant communities because of perceived cultural differences or reified physical traits in social representations (Cutler, Glaeser & Vigdor, 2007 ;Li, 2003). Ultimately, it all depends on the local realities and practical actions mobilized to promote social cohesion (Koopmans, 2010), as well as the relationships between the host society and immigrants, and the sense of belonging that they forge (Phinney, Horenczyk, Liebkind & Vedder, 2001;Zulfikar, 2016).…”