Decomposition of Linuron in Different Soils

Lode, Olav

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1967.tb01369.x

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…There is little published information on the persistence of linuron under field conditions, although Borner (1965) was unable to detect residues 10 months after an application of 2 Ib/ac. Laboratory studies suggest that under some conditions doses from 1 to 3 lb/ac might persist for up to a year (Hocombe, Holly & Parker, 1966;Lode, 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Experiments to Investigate Long‐term Effects of Repeated Applications of McPa, Tri‐allate, Simazine and Linuron: Report After 6 Years

Fryer

Kirkland

1970

Weed Research

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Summary. In five long‐term field experiments begun in 1963, each of four herbicides was applied to plots either planted with the same crop each year or uncropped. The following treatments were applied annually: MCPA at 24 oz/ac to barley at the 5‐leaf stage, triallate at 24 oz/ac to barley pre‐emergence, simazine at 24 oz/ac to maize pre‐emergence, linuron at 12–24 oz/ac to carrots preand post‐emergence. The main assessments reported in this paper are crop yield and persistence of herbicide residues. In the fifth experiment, these herbicides were applied twice each year at about double the above these to plots kept as far as possible free from all vegetation. MCPA did not affect the yield of barley and disappeared from the soil within 2–3 weeks of each application. In the uncropped plots, the time for the applied dose (3 lb/ac) to reach the limit of detection was reduced from 3 weeks in 1964 (after three previous applications) to 4 days in 1968 (after ten previous applications). Tri‐allate did not affect the yield of barley. Soil residues could be detected for 5–6 months following each dose of 24 oz/ac. When applied at 48 oz/ac twice yearly, a residue persisted but with no progressive build‐up during the 6‐year period. Agreement between bioassay and CLC methods of determining residues varied from good to a factor of 4, with CLC usually, but not always, providing a higher figure. No residues of pre‐allate could be detected in the barley straw or grain. Simazine did not influence the yield of maize during 1963–67. In 1968 there was a significant reduction in yield of foliage and stems but not in grain yield. Simazine applied to maize disappeared from the soil rapidly during the first 6 weeks; after this period 20–25% of the applied dose could be recovered. The remaining residues declined slowly and 1–2 oz/ac could be detected 23–50 weeks after application. No residues were found below the 0–2 in. soil level. When 48 oz/ac was applied twice annually a residue persisted varying from 8 to 27 oz/ac/6 in. There was no accumulation from year to year and no evidence that repeated treatment influenced breakdown rate. Most of the simazine remained in the 0–2 in. soil level. In three out of four determinations there was good agreement between CLC and bioassay results. Linuron reduced the yield and % dry matter content of carrot roots in 1965 and 1966 probably because of exceptional short‐term phytotoxicity, otherwise there was no effect. Half the applied dose of 8–16 oz/ac disappeared from the soil within 8 weeks and residues were undetectable after 6 months. The residues in the uncropped plots did not fall below 11 oz/ac. Most remained in the 0–2 in. layer of soil but some herbicide was found in the 2–4 and possibly 4–6 in. layers. Progressive build‐up of residues did not occur and repeated treatment did not influence breakdown rate. No linuron could be detected in carrot roots in 1965; in 1966, following an abnormally late application, 05 ppm was found. Chemical analyses of soil samples taken at regular intervals during 1...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Experiments to Investigate Long‐term Effects of Repeated Applications of McPa, Tri‐allate, Simazine and Linuron: Report After 6 Years

Fryer

Kirkland

1970

Weed Research

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“…Most reports agree that simazine is relatively innocuous to many soil microorganisms (reviewed by Harris et al, 1968). However, with linuron antimicrobial effects, especially against fungi have been reported (Lode, 1967;Wilkinson & Lucas, 1969) but, on the other hand, Rankov (1968) states that both fungi and bacteria can utilize linuron a.s a source of nutrient and their growth is stimulated by this herbicide. In the work reported here a lowering in CO2 output, but to a much smaller extent than in the field experiments, has been noted in laboratory experiments at 500 ppm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Repeated Field Applications of Four Herbicides on the Evolution of Carbon Dioxide and Mineralization of Nitrogen in Soil

Grossbard

1971

Weed Research

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Summary The effect of repeated annual applications over 7‐8 years of MCPA, triallate, simazine and linuron to field plots on the evolution of CO2 and mineralization of nitrogen in soil samples incubated in the laboratory is described. The plots were either cropped and treated with standard doses, or uncropped and sprayed with doses 3‐4 times above the level used in agricultural practice. While the applications of MCPA and tri‐allate did not exert any inhibitory effects in soils from the uncropped plots those of simazine and linuron led to a lowering in CO2 output in several instances and in mineral N on infrequent occasions. These effects are assumed to be the result of a difference in the content of easily‐degradable organic matter between the treated plots and the controls. A direct anti‐microbial action of the two herbicides is not very probable because in laboratory experiments with simazine up to 512 ppm the output of CO2 and the mineralization of N was not affected while linuron at 500 ppm gave only a minor depression in CO2 evolution. Effects on soil fertility are unknown but seem unlikely in view of the small extent and infrequency of the reductions observed. On the cropped plots the MCPA and tri‐allate treatment showed no effects. With linuron and simazine a significant lowering in respiration and mineralization of N occurred on single occasions only, during a 5‐year period.

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“…Hill et ai. (1955) relatam que a rápida degradação do linuron deve estar relacionada à sua decomposição microbiana, embora Lode (1967) tenha comprovado que, após a aplicação, o produto ocasiona diminuição na população microbiana do solo, que posteriormente é restabelecida. Hill et ai.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Persistência de linuron e orizalina em latossolo roxo sob cultivo de soja

et al. 1992

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O ensaio foi efetuado durante dois anos consecutivos na Estação Experimental de Ribeirão Preto, em latossolo roxo cultivado com soja IAC-11. O experimento foi em parcelas subdivididas com os tratamentos das parcelas principais dispostos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo estudados os tratamentos seguintes: linuron, nas doses 1,00 e 2,00 kg/ha; orizalina, nas doses 1,875 e 3,75 kg/ha e duas testemunhas sem herbicidas; nas subparcelas, estudaram-se as épocas de amostragem. As sementes de todas as parcelas tratadas com herbicida e uma das testemunhas foram inoculadas com Bradyrhizobium japonicum estirpe SMS-443 (= 29W). Foi feita a comparação quanto à sensibilidade dos bioensaios usando os métodos de Parker e Santelman. Verificou-se que, para a detecção de orizalina, o método de Parker foi o mais sensível, ocorrendo o inverso para o linuron. Em condições de campo, a perda da atividade da orizalina, nas doses de 1,875 e 3,75 kg/ha, foi lenta, tendo persistido no primeiro ano até 112 dias após a aplicação, enquanto, no segundo ano, as mesmas doses ainda reduziam 50% o crescimento da planta-teste até 84 e 145 dias respectivamente. Neste segundo ensaio, o final da persistência no solo para ambas as doses de orizalina ocorreu aos 390 dias da aplicação. Quanto ao linuron, embora sua fitotoxicidade inicial fosse bastante elevada, no primeiro ano, aos 42 dias, não havia mais sintoma de fitotoxicidade devido a qualquer uma das doses. No segundo ano, na aplicação de 1,00 kg/ha, aos 28 dias, o produto havia-se degradado em nível não detectado pela planta-teste, o que ocorreu para a dose de 2,00 kg/ha somente aos 70 dias.

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Decomposition of Linuron in Different Soils

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Field Experiments to Investigate Long‐term Effects of Repeated Applications of McPa, Tri‐allate, Simazine and Linuron: Report After 6 Years

Field Experiments to Investigate Long‐term Effects of Repeated Applications of McPa, Tri‐allate, Simazine and Linuron: Report After 6 Years

The Effect of Repeated Field Applications of Four Herbicides on the Evolution of Carbon Dioxide and Mineralization of Nitrogen in Soil

Persistência de linuron e orizalina em latossolo roxo sob cultivo de soja

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