“…Gray et al (2006) used the Tapio decoupling model to analyze the decoupling relationship among economic growth, transportation volume, and carbon emissions in Scotland [28]. Lu et al (2007) compared the decoupling relationship among economic growth, carbon emission, and energy consumption in Germany, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and other countries and regions from 1990 to 2002 [29]. Freitas and Kaneko (2011) explored the decoupling relationship between economic development and CO 2 emissions in Brazil, and they found that carbon intensity and energy structure are the most critical factors leading to CO 2 emissions [30].…”