Decomposer animals induce differential expression of defence and auxin-responsive genes in plants

Endlweber, Kerstin; Krome, Kristin; Welzl, Gerhard; Schäffner, Anton R.; Scheu, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.013

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…For instance, Collembola induce auxin-responsive genes and defense genes in shoots of Arabidopsis (Endlweber et al, 2011), although in this case Collembola may act as herbivores instead of decomposers. Earthworms reduced the damage by plant parasitic nematodes in rice, without directly affecting nematode abundance (Blouin et al, 2005).…”

Section: Interactions Between Pseudomonas and Bacterivores And Decompmentioning

confidence: 99%

Getting the ecology into interactions between plants and the plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens

Hol¹,

Bezemer²,

Biere³

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

118

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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are increasingly appreciated for their contributions to primary productivity through promotion of growth and triggering of induced systemic resistance in plants. Here we focus on the beneficial effects of one particular species of PGPR (Pseudomonas fluorescens) on plants through induced plant defense. This model organism has provided much understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of PGPR-induced plant defense. However, this knowledge can only be appreciated at full value once we know to what extent these mechanisms also occur under more realistic, species-diverse conditions as are occurring in the plant rhizosphere. To provide the necessary ecological context, we review the literature to compare the effect of P. fluorescens on induced plant defense when it is present as a single species or in combination with other soil dwelling species. Specifically, we discuss combinations with other plant mutualists (bacterial or fungal), plant pathogens (bacterial or fungal), bacterivores (nematode or protozoa), and decomposers. Synergistic interactions between P. fluorescens and other plant mutualists are much more commonly reported than antagonistic interactions. Recent developments have enabled screenings of P. fluorescens genomes for defense traits and this could help with selection of strains with likely positive interactions on biocontrol. However, studies that examine the effects of multiple herbivores, pathogens, or herbivores and pathogens together on the effectiveness of PGPR to induce plant defenses are underrepresented and we are not aware of any study that has examined interactions between P. fluorescens and bacterivores or decomposers. As co-occurring soil organisms can enhance but also reduce the effectiveness of PGPR, a better understanding of the biotic factors modulating P. fluorescens–plant interactions will improve the effectiveness of introducing P. fluorescens to enhance plant production and defense.

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Section: Interactions Between Pseudomonas and Bacterivores And Decompmentioning

confidence: 99%

Getting the ecology into interactions between plants and the plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens

Hol¹,

Bezemer²,

Biere³

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

118

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“…Soil biota are a major component of agroecosystems, playing a decisive role in ecosystem services such as, among many others, nutrient capture and cycling (Carpenter et al, 2007;Van der Heijden et al, 2008;Murray et al, 2009), building and control of soil organic matter (SOM) or soil physical structure (Wolters, 2000;Jégou et al, 2001;Jouquet et al, 2006), and vegetation dynamics (De Deyn et al, 2003;Mitschunas et al, 2006;Forey et al, 2011), with synergistic effects on crop production (Ingham et al, 1985;Eisenhauer et al, 2010). Studies on plant-soil feedbacks mediated by soil biota showed thatsoil animals and microbes are also involved in signaling processes which contribute to the integrity of agroecosystems and which sustaincrop production (Blouin et al, 2005;Sanon et al, 2009;Endlweber et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of agricultural practices on soil biota: A regional study

Ponge

Pérès

Guernion

et al. 2013

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

129

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A gradient of agricultural intensification (from permanent meadows to permanent crops, with rotation crop and meadows as intermediary steps) was studied in the course of the RMQS-Biodiv program, covering a regular grid of 109 sites spread over the whole area of French Brittany. Soil biota (earthworms, other macrofauna, microarthropods, nematodes, microorganisms) were sampled according to a standardized procedure, together with visual assessment of a Humus Index. We hypothesized that soil animal and microbial communities were increasingly disturbed along this gradient, resulting in decreasing species richness and decreasing abundance of most sensitive species groups. We also hypothesized that the application of organic matter could compensate for the negative effects of agricultural intensity by increasing the abundance of fauna relying directly on soil organic matter for their food requirements, i.e. saprophagous invertebrates. We show thatstudied animal and microbial groups, with the exception of epigeic springtails, are negatively affected by the intensity of agriculture, meadows and crops in rotation exhibiting features similar to their permanent counterparts. The latter result was interpreted as a rapid adaptation of soil biotic communities to periodic changes in land use provided the agricultural landscape remains stable. The application of pig and chicken slurry, of current practice in the study region, alone or in complement to mineral fertilization, proves to be favorable to saprophagous macrofauna and bacterivorous nematodes. A composite biotic index is proposed to synthesize our results, based on a selection of animals groups which responded the most to agricultural intensification or organic matter application: anecic earthworms, endogeic earthworms, macrofauna other than earthworms (macroarthropods and mollusks), saprophagous macrofauna other than earthworms (macroarthropods and mollusks), epigeic springtails, phytoparasitic nematodes, bacterivorous nematodes and microbial biomass. This composite index allowed scoring land uses and agricultural practices on the base of simple morphological traits of soil animals without identification at species level.

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“…Recently, it has been shown that the reduction of disease caused by soilborne pathogens by earthworms was associated with the stimulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens population, a bacteria recognized as a PGPR [45]. In the same way, protozoa are able to select bacteria producing signal molecules probably by differential grazing [46] and collembola, other soil decomposers, can induce the differential expression of defence and auxin-responsive genes in A. thaliana [47]. Despite their long evolutive divergence, earthworms, PGPR, protozoa and collembola seem to modify plant growth through a similar mechanism, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal Molecules Mediate the Impact of the Earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa on Growth, Development and Defence of the Plant Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2012

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Earthworms have generally a positive impact on plant growth, which is often attributed to a trophic mechanism: namely, earthworms increase the release of mineral nutrients from soil litter and organic matter. An alternative hypothesis has been proposed since the discovery of a signal molecule (Indole Acetic Acid) in earthworm faeces. In this study, we used methodologies developed in plant science to gain information on ecological mechanisms involved in plant-earthworm interaction, by looking at plant response to earthworm presence at a molecular level. First, we looked at plant overall response to earthworm faeces in an in vitro device where only signal molecules could have an effect on plant growth; we observed that earthworms were inducing positive or negative effects on different plant species. Then, using an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with an impaired auxin transport, we demonstrated the potential of earthworms to stimulate root growth and to revert the dwarf mutant phenotype. Finally, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence and absence of earthworms; we found that genes modulated in the presence of earthworms are known to respond to biotic and abiotic stresses, or to the application of exogenous hormones. A comparison of our results with other studies found in databases revealed strong analogies with systemic resistance, induced by signal molecules emitted by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and/or elicitors emitted by non-virulent pathogens. Signal molecules such as auxin and ethylene, which are considered as major in plant-microorganisms interactions, can also be of prior importance to explain plant-macroinvertebrates interactions. This could imply revisiting ecological theories which generally stress on the role of trophic relationships.

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Decomposer animals induce differential expression of defence and auxin-responsive genes in plants

Cited by 23 publications

References 58 publications

Getting the ecology into interactions between plants and the plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens

Getting the ecology into interactions between plants and the plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens

The impact of agricultural practices on soil biota: A regional study

Signal Molecules Mediate the Impact of the Earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa on Growth, Development and Defence of the Plant Arabidopsis thaliana

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