Decoloration and degradation of Reactive Red-120 dye by electron beam irradiation in aqueous solution

Reaction pathway of the degradation of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid by sulfate radical generated by ionizing radiations

“…Numerous applications have been described in literature, such as, the degradation of phenol (Boukari et al, 2011), pesticides (Basfar et al, 2009;Kwon et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2005), pharmaceutical compounds (Sanchez-Polo et al, 2009;Yu et al, 2008;Homlok et Zhang et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2013) or dye effluents (Vahdat et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2005;Paul et al, 2011). Industry or domestic activities often generate aqueous effluents containing phenolic compounds in large amounts.…”

Response surface-optimized removal of Reactive Red 120 dye from its aqueous solutions using polyethyleneimine enhanced ultrafiltration

“…The azo dyes constitute the most widely applied class of synthetic dyes on commercial scale, accounting for over 70% of the dyes used in industries, such as textiles (Absalan et al, 2011;Naveen et al, 2011;Subash et al, 2013). However, over 30% of these dyes are discarded during the dyeing operations owing to the relatively high level of hydrolysis exhibited by these reactive dyes in the alkaline problem environment as compared to other dye classes; these dyes are hence discharged into the aquatic environment as toxic colored contaminants (Cardoso et al, 2012;Paul et al, 2011). The problem of azo dye disposal is further exacerbated by the excellent water Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoenv solubility, unusually high chemical as well as photolytic stability, and recalcitrancy demonstrated by the residual dyestuff, which inadvertently result in prolonged persistence of these dyes in the environment and their eventual resistance to microbial degradation (Kittinaovarat et al, 2010;Naveen et al, 2011).…”

“…A maximum color level of 400 Hazen units has hence been prescribed by in regard to the discharge of dye effluents discharged from various dye and dye intermediate industries (CPCB, 2014). Reactive Red 120 (RR 120), an anionic dye widely applied in textile industries, has often been regarded as an appropriate paradigm of an azo dye in archival literature (Paul et al, 2011;Subash et al, 2013). Given the consequent acute aquatic toxicity, progressively stringent environmental regulations regarding discharged effluent quality and the necessity for uncontaminated process water usage in the water stressed national and global milieu, textiles and allied industries are currently confronted with the arduous task of engineering ingenious and cost-effective techniques, which can concomitantly bring about appreciable decolourization of the dyestuff-loaded industrial process streams, appreciable reclamation of treated process water and sizable recovery and reuse of unutilized resources in the primary facilities (Chakraborty, 2010;Cooper, 1995).…”

Advances in organic–inorganic hybrid sorbents for the extraction of organic and inorganic pollutants in different types of food and environmental samples

“…For heavy metals, the maximum contaminant limit for Pb, Cu, Hg, Cd, Se, Cr, and As in drinking water is 15, 1300, 2, 5, 50, 100, and 100 μg/L, respectively . The permissible level of benzo[a]pyrene, one of the most carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in drinking water and various type of foods is <0.2 and 1–10 μg/L, respectively . Due to matrix effects, it is of utmost importance to analyze unknown or known species at these trace levels.…”