Decoding the Deep Gray: A Review of the Anatomy, Function, and Imaging Patterns Affecting the Basal Ganglia

Lincoln, Christie M.; Bello, Jacqueline A.; Lui, Yvonne W.

doi:10.3174/ng.3120033

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The lentiform nucleus and the head of the caudate nucleus can be visualized as paired symmetric structures located between the lateral ventricle and the insular cortex, and it is separated from the caudate head and the thalamus by the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule, respectively. The radiographic appearance of basal ganglia is normally isodense/isointense with cortex [10,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Wilson Disease With 18F-FDG PET/CT

Nudelman-Speckman¹,

Díaz-Meneses²,

Valenzuela³

et al. 2017

J Neurol Neurosci

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Wilson disease is an autosomal-recessive disorder with copper accumulation and deposition in different organs. Disturbances in liver function and basal ganglia lead to hepatic and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Age of onset ranges from 5 to 40 years of age. Wilson disease should be ruled out by measuring serum ceruloplasmin levels, and 24-hour urinary copper levels. We report a case of a 30 year-old female who had experienced progressive dystonia for a year. A decreased uptake of glucose metabolism using 18F-Fluoro-desoxyglucose-Positron-EmissionTomography/Computed-Tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in the striatal area has been reported in the literature. With low levels of ceruloplasmin, elevation of aminotransferase activity and 24-hour urinary copper levels, associated with PET results using 18F FDG led to the diagnosis of Wilson disease. This study shows the feasibility of using in vivo imaging FDG PET/CT for identification of Wilson disease when there is a high clinical suspicion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Wilson Disease With 18F-FDG PET/CT

Nudelman-Speckman¹,

Díaz-Meneses²,

Valenzuela³

et al. 2017

J Neurol Neurosci

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“…Cortical-BG-thalamic circuits are critically involved in many functions including sensorimotor, emotion, and cognition (Haber and Calzavara, 2009; Lincoln et al, 2012). Multiple paths and subcircuits within BG have been identified.…”

Section: Direct and Indirect Pathways And Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Computational studies of the role of serotonin in the basal ganglia

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Reed

Nijhout

2013

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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It has been well established that serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in the striatum. For example, during levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), the serotonergic projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) release dopamine as a false transmitter, and there are strong indications that this pulsatile release is connected to dyskinesias that reduce the effectiveness of the therapy. Here we present hypotheses about the functional role of 5-HT in the normal striatum and present computational studies showing the feasibility of these hypotheses. Dopaminergic projections to the striatum inhibit the medium spiny neurons (MSN) in the striatopalladal (indirect) pathway and excite MSNs in the striatonigral (direct) pathway. It has long been hypothesized that the effect of dopamine (DA) depletion caused by the loss of SNc cells in PD is to change the “balance” between the pathways to favor the indirect pathway. Originally, “balance” was understood to mean equal firing rates, but now it is understood that the level of DA affects the patterns of firing in the two pathways too. There are dense 5-HT projections to the striatum from the dorsal raphe nucleus and it is known that increased 5-HT in the striatum facilitates DA release from DA terminals. The direct pathway excites various cortical nuclei and some of these nuclei send inhibitory projections to the DRN. Our hypothesis is that this feedback circuit from the striatum to the cortex to the DRN to the striatum serves to stabilize the balance between the direct and indirect pathways, and this is confirmed by our model calculations. Our calculations also show that this circuit contributes to the stability of the dopamine concentration in the striatum as SNc cells die during Parkinson's disease progression (until late phase). There may be situations in which there are physiological reasons to “unbalance” the direct and indirect pathways, and we show that projections to the DRN from the cortex or other brain regions could accomplish this task.

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