Decoding Novel Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Breast Cancer Resistance

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC), an intricate and highly heterogeneous disorder, has presently afflicted 2.09 million females globally. Chemoresistance remains a paramount challenge in the treatment of BC. Owing to its assorted nature, the chemoresistant mechanisms of BC still need intensive research. Accumulating evidence suggests that abnormalities related to the biogenesis of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with BC progression and chemoresistance. The presently available interventions are inadequate to target chemoresistance, therefore more efficient alternatives are urgently needed to improvise existing therapeutic regimens. A myriad of strategies is being explored, such as immunotherapy, gene therapy, and combination treatment to surmount chemoresistance. Additionally, nanoparticles as chemotherapeutic carriers put forward the options to encapsulate numerous drugs, alone as well as in combination for cancer theranostics. This review summarizes the chemoresistance mechanisms of miRNAs and CSCs as well as the most recently documented therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chemoresistance in BC. By unraveling the underpinning mechanism of BC chemoresistance, researchers could possibly develop more efficient treatment strategies towards BC.

miRNAs in the Regulation of Cancer Immune Response: Effect of miRNAs on Cancer Immunotherapy

“…The modulation of miRNA expression is reported to be related to oncogenic miRNA inhibition and the substitution of tumour-suppressive miRNAs and, hence, have been found to be a perfect tool for cancer therapy improvement. The association of miRNA expressions with cancer and other problems has attracted interest in developing a biomarker for diagnosis, detection, and treatment [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. miRNAs have been reported to play a protective role as well as a pathogenic role in carcinogenesis.…”