Decoding China’s COVID-19 Health Code Apps: The Legal Challenges

Zhang, Xiaohan

doi:10.3390/healthcare10081479

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Since China is the first country to adopt the new prevention and control measures of "health code" and successfully put them into practice, it is very likely that countries around the world will still face similar problems to China's "health code" in the process of subsequent promotion and application of epidemic prevention and control policies. For example, Jiayi Jiang and Zexing Zheng conducted research on scale development and content analysis of personal information protection and privacy policy compliance in health code App [5]; Dan Zhang and Yunjie Li conducted research and application of Paddle OCR based health code recognition in the context of epidemic prevention and control [6]; Xiaohan Zhang decoding China from the aspects of legal challenges "Covid -19" health code App [7]; Jiaoliang Qin analyzed the collection of personal information and legal checks and balances after the "health code" [8]; Chengzhe Fu, Weijun Huang and Haolin OU conducted an empirical study on how "soft governance" can bridge the "digital divide" in the context of public crisis based on three policy tools [9]; Luyao Wang, Le Wang and Ziqiong Zhang studied the information technology avoidance behavior of the elderly under public health emergencies [10].…”

Section: Research Status Of Health Codementioning

confidence: 99%

Discussion and Countermeasures on the Application of Health Code in the Routine Prevention and Control of COVID-19

Jia,

Wang,

et al. 2024

IJSSPA

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From the previous SARS to the current novel coronavirus, major public health emergencies have occurred in China one after another. With the development of The Times and the progress of society and science and technology, people are more and more aware of the importance of effective prevention and control of such incidents, and what means to adopt effective prevention and control has gradually attracted global attention. In the context of the new coronavirus epidemic, the health code, an innovative young measure, can be said to have opened up a precedent and played an irreplaceable role in China's epidemic prevention and control. In the three years since the outbreak of COVID-19 from the beginning of 2020 to the end of 2022, health codes have been widely used and become an important means of epidemic prevention, but some problems have inevitably been exposed, especially in the period of normal epidemic prevention and control, such as: The problems of digital divide, information island, and abnormal color of health code have impacted the effective prevention and control of the epidemic in this period. After fully considering and demonstrating the application scenarios and promotion conditions of health code, combine and utilize existing technologies, such as: Bluetooth or GPS positioning, digital contact tracking technology, automatic identification technology, remote technology, etc., put forward the innovative concept of "health code chip", which can not only solve such problems, improve the technical level and practical application range of health code, so that health code has become an important tool and effective means to deal with major public health emergencies. Moreover, it can provide valuable reference opinions and experience for the handling of major public health emergencies in the world.

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Section: Research Status Of Health Codementioning

confidence: 99%

Discussion and Countermeasures on the Application of Health Code in the Routine Prevention and Control of COVID-19

Jia,

Wang,

et al. 2024

IJSSPA

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“…Relatedly, perceived intrusion is another dimension of privacy concerns and refers to the extent to which others are able to make independent decisions about possessing or soliciting information. For instance, in China, the government implemented a QR code system for contact tracing and assigned colors, such as green, yellow, or red, depending on the health status of individuals and the risk of exposure by triangulating data from public transport and health care systems [20], which determined whether they had access to public places [21]. The third dimension of privacy concerns is the secondary use of information, defined as the use of personal data collected from individuals for purposes other than what it was intended for [22].…”

Section: Privacy Concerns About Digital Contact Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third dimension of privacy concerns is the secondary use of information, defined as the use of personal data collected from individuals for purposes other than what it was intended for [22]. As a large volume of data were collected by contact tracing apps, there were fears over how the government would use (or abuse) potentially sensitive data [20,21].…”

Section: Privacy Concerns About Digital Contact Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Roles of Trust in Government and Sense of Community in the COVID-19 Contact Tracing Privacy Calculus: Mixed Method Study Using a 2-Wave Survey and In-Depth Interviews

Kang,

Lee,

Lee

et al. 2024

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

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Background Contact tracing technology has been adopted in many countries to aid in identifying, evaluating, and handling individuals who have had contact with those infected with COVID-19. Singapore was among the countries that actively implemented the government-led contact tracing program known as TraceTogether. Despite the benefits the contact tracing program could provide to individuals and the community, privacy issues were a significant barrier to individuals’ acceptance of the program. Objective Building on the privacy calculus model, this study investigates how the perceptions of the 2 key groups (ie, government and community members) involved in the digital contact tracing factor into individuals’ privacy calculus of digital contact tracing. Methods Using a mixed method approach, we conducted (1) a 2-wave survey (n=674) and (2) in-depth interviews (n=12) with TraceTogether users in Singapore. Using structural equation modeling, this study investigated how trust in the government and the sense of community exhibited by individuals during the early stage of implementation (time 1) predicted privacy concerns, perceived benefits, and future use intentions, measured after the program was fully implemented (time 2). Expanding on the survey results, this study conducted one-on-one interviews to gain in-depth insights into the privacy considerations involved in digital contact tracing. Results The results from the survey showed that trust in the government increased perceived benefits while decreasing privacy concerns regarding the use of TraceTogether. Furthermore, individuals who felt a connection to community members by participating in the program (ie, the sense of community) were more inclined to believe in its benefits. The sense of community also played a moderating role in the influence of government trust on perceived benefits. Follow-up in-depth interviews highlighted that having a sense of control over information and transparency in the government’s data management were crucial factors in privacy considerations. The interviews also highlighted surveillance as the most prevalent aspect of privacy concerns regarding TraceTogether use. In addition, our findings revealed that trust in the government, particularly the perceived transparency of government actions, was most strongly associated with concerns regarding the secondary use of data. Conclusions Using a mixed method approach involving a 2-wave survey and in-depth interview data, we expanded our understanding of privacy decisions and the privacy calculus in the context of digital contact tracing. The opposite influences of privacy concerns and perceived benefit on use intention suggest that the privacy calculus in TraceTogether might be viewed as a rational process of weighing between privacy risks and use benefits to make an uptake decision. However, our study demonstrated that existing perceptions toward the provider and the government in the contact tracing context, as well as the perception of the community triggered by TraceTogether use, may bias user appraisals of privacy risks and the benefits of contact tracing.

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“…For example, in countries like China, people are required to register on super apps with their real names and national ID numbers. 46 Perhaps more interestingly, irrespective of the inclusion of a digital wallet, these platforms can build rich, detailed profiles about their users because of the massive amounts of data generated through the use of the app, making them key actors in the digital identity ecosystem for years to come.…”

Section: Super Apps: Platforming Digital Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Identity and Inclusion: Tracing Technological Transitions

Schoemaker¹,

Martin²,

Weitzberg³

2023

gia

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It is increasingly challenging for policymakers and other stakeholders to appreciate the growing complexity of the digital identity ecosystem, the technologies involved, and the broad implications of their deployment. This article seeks to help clarify these current debates and controversies by highlighting some of the technological transformations that are underway in the sector. We trace the ongoing transitions from "Big ID" systems to self-sovereign identity (SSI) approaches and digital wallets to the recent emergence of super apps, analyzing the different geographies of these systems and their impacts on exclusion and power relations. We argue that all technologies are political, and digital identity technologies especially so. Despite recent moves towards decentralization couched in the rhetoric of individual empowerment, most systems continue to exhibit features of centralization and tend to reinforce existing institutional arrangements.

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Decoding China’s COVID-19 Health Code Apps: The Legal Challenges

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Discussion and Countermeasures on the Application of Health Code in the Routine Prevention and Control of COVID-19

Discussion and Countermeasures on the Application of Health Code in the Routine Prevention and Control of COVID-19

The Roles of Trust in Government and Sense of Community in the COVID-19 Contact Tracing Privacy Calculus: Mixed Method Study Using a 2-Wave Survey and In-Depth Interviews

Digital Identity and Inclusion: Tracing Technological Transitions

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