Declining employment among young black less-educated men: The role of incarceration and child support

Holzer, Harry J.; Offner, Paul; Sorensen, Elaine

doi:10.1037/e723672011-001

Cited by 75 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…As the previous discussion highlighted, research has found that shifts in labor markets vary by race and that economic downturns may have greater criminogenic effects on blacks (Crutchfield, 1995, p. 205; see also Holzer, Offner, & Sorensen, 2005;Parker, 2008). Scholars also have found divides among ex-prisoners seeking employment; black ex-prisoners, for 826 MEARS ET AL.…”

Section: Labor Markets Prisoner Reentry and Racementioning

confidence: 93%

Does a Rising Tide Lift All Boats? Labor Market Changes and Their Effects on the Recidivism of Released Prisoners

Mears¹,

Wang

Bales

2012

Justice Quarterly

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The dramatic growth in incarceration nationally has increased attention to the factors that influence recidivism among ex-prisoners. Accordingly, scholars have called for research that identifies factors, such as employment opportunities, that may influence reentry experiences. Few studies, however, have examined how changes in labor market conditions affect ex-prisoner offending. Drawing on prior scholarship, this study examines the effect of such changes on the recidivism of ex-prisoners and, in particular, how the recidivism among blacks and whites may be differentially affected by changes in labor market conditions in the areas to which they return. The analyses indicate that, among black male ex-prisoners, labor market declines increase violent recidivism. They also indicate that, among white male ex-prisoners, the effects are more tenuous, influence only property recidivism, and are moderated by prior labor market conditions and criminal history. Implications of the study are discussed.Daniel P. Mears, PhD, is the Mark C. Stafford Professor of Criminology at Florida State University's College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. He conducts basic and applied research on a range of crime and justice topics, including juvenile justice, supermax prisons, homicide, and prisoner reentry.

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Section: Labor Markets Prisoner Reentry and Racementioning

confidence: 93%

Does a Rising Tide Lift All Boats? Labor Market Changes and Their Effects on the Recidivism of Released Prisoners

Mears¹,

Wang

Bales

2012

Justice Quarterly

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“…23 And it is important to note that these calculations are all based on studies that include only those individuals who report positive earnings in any given year. Those with zero earnings Á either due to incarceration, disability, death, or any other reason resulting in permanent labor force withdrawal Á are not captured in these data, and, at least among minority men, the incidence of those with zero earnings has grown (Holzer, Offner, and Sorensen 2005). Their growing absence from the data likely implies downward biases in the Journal of Children and Poverty 47 true estimates today, although the growth of earnings among low-income women in the 1990s (Blank 2002) might offset this to some degree.…”

Section: Forgone Productivity and Earningsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The economic costs of childhood poverty in the United States

Holzer

Schanzenbach

Duncan

et al. 2008

Journal of Children and Poverty

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This paper attempts to estimate the aggregate annual costs of child poverty to the US economy. It begins with a review of rigorous research studies that estimate the statistical association between children growing up in poverty and their earnings, propensity to commit crime, and quality of health later in life. We also review estimates of the costs that crime and poor health impose on the economy. Then we aggregate all of these average costs per poor child across the total number of children growing up in poverty in the United States to obtain our estimate of the aggregate costs of the conditions associated with childhood poverty to the US economy. Our results suggest that these costs total about $500 billion per year, or the equivalent of nearly 4% of gross domestic product (GDP). More specifically, we estimate that childhood poverty each year: (1) reduces productivity and economic output by an amount equal to 1.3% of GDP, (2) raises the costs of crime by 1.3% of GDP, and (3) raises health expenditures and reduces the value of health by 1.2% of GDP.

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“…In addition, there is a gap in the literature about jail inmates' child support orders by gender. Given that mothers primarily have custody, mostly men have child support orders that are beyond their means to pay, which is relevant because nonpayment of child support is a criminal offense that can lead to reincarceration-and mothers lose material support (Holzer, Offner, & Sorensen, 2005).…”

Section: Parenthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Jail Populations: Factors to Consider in Reentry Strategies

Spjeldnes

Jung

Yamatani

2014

Journal of Offender Rehabilitation

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Jail populations have declined by 6.4% since 2009 as policy and practice shifts toward offender rehabilitation. However, the U.S. female jail population rose about 45% between 1996 and 2011, which suggests that a greater focus on gender-based needs in reentry strategies may further reduce recidivism. This study examined gender differences in social, medical and human needs in an urban jail population. Results revealed significantly greater problems for women than men. More women than men reported needs for chemical dependency and mental health services, and a greater willingness to receive treatment. Implications suggest that genderresponsive programs are essential for jailed women.

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Declining employment among young black less-educated men: The role of incarceration and child support

Cited by 75 publications

References 14 publications

Does a Rising Tide Lift All Boats? Labor Market Changes and Their Effects on the Recidivism of Released Prisoners

Does a Rising Tide Lift All Boats? Labor Market Changes and Their Effects on the Recidivism of Released Prisoners

The economic costs of childhood poverty in the United States

Gender Differences in Jail Populations: Factors to Consider in Reentry Strategies

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