Decline in lichen biodiversity on oak trunks due to urbanization

Lättman, Håkan; Bergman, Karl‐Olof; Rapp, Malin; Tälle, Malin; Westerberg, Lars; Milberg, Per

doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00413.x

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Some calicioid species, among other epiphytic lichens, have been successfully used as indicators for identifying forest stands with long habitat continuity and subsequently high conservation value (Tibell, 1992;Kuusinen and Siitonen, 1998;Selva, 2002Selva, , 2003Ranius et al, 2008). However, the specific reasons for the old-growth dependence can vary between different forest types and regions (McMullin et al, 2008;Berglund et al, 2009;Nascimbene et al, 2010;Lõhmus and Lõhmus, 2011;Lõhmus et al, 2007Lõhmus et al, , 2012Marmor et al, 2013;Lättman et al, 2014;Selva, 2016) and between different groups of lichen epiphytes (Johansson, 2008;Rheault et al, 2009;Hauck, 2011;Ellis, 2012;Hauck et al, 2013;Nascimbene et al, 2013).…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Convergence in Forest Microfungi Provides a Proxy for Paleogene Forest Structure

Rikkinen

Schmidt

2018

Transformative Paleobotany

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Amber, fossilized plant resin from gymnosperms and angiosperms, is renowned for preserving a wide range of organisms in microscopic fidelity. These so-called amber inclusions comprise many groups of organisms, ranging frombacteria to arthropods and vertebrates (Penney, 2010; Ragazzi and Schmidt, 2011;Grimaldi and Ross, 2017). Organisms trapped in amber typically derive from forest ecosystems where they became stuck to resin outpourings in their habitats (Seyfullah and Schmidt, 2015). In addition, ambers are prime examples of chemical fossils that are relatively resistant to diagenesis and can retain their original chemical and isotopic compositions. Therefore, chemical profiles of ambers may support the detection of the resin-bearing plants and the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate (Langenheim, 2003; Dal Corso et al., 2017). The study of amber and its inclusions should consequently enable the reconstruction of past forest ecosystems and even prevailing climatic conditions. However, several constraints exist for this approach. Much amber from the hundreds of worldwide localities does not contain notable inclusions or predominantly preserved arthropods, prokaryotes, and fungal mycelia (Martınez-Delclòs et al., 2004; Labandeira, 2014). Arthropods are indeed the most commonly studied amber inclusions, whereas fossil plant remains and palynomorphs, on which reconstructions of Cenozoic forests and derived climate estimates are typically based on (Ferguson et al., 1998; Bruch and Mosbrugger, 2002; Kunzmann and Walther, 2012), are relatively rare in amber. Only six worldwide amber deposits harbor plenty of plant inclusions, so far: Miocene Dominican and Mexican ambers, Paleogene Baltic, Bitterfeld, and Rovno ambers, and mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Penney, 2010). Further hurdles are linked to the physical properties of amber. Once reworked from the original sediment, amber may float or drift in sea water, and the notion exists that even amber specimens forming large deposits may have been reworked and transported, originally belonging to older and possibly geographically distinct sediments (Weitschat and Wichard, 2010). Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers constitute the largest Paleogene amber deposits worldwide, with estimated 640,000 tons of fossil resin for the Baltic deposit (Weitschat and Wichard, 2010) and approximately 3000 tons for the central German Bitterfeld locality (Liehmann, 2013). Hundreds of thousands of inclusions were found in Baltic amber, with >3000 species described from Baltic amber (Weitschat and Wichard, 2010) and >700 species reported from Bitterfeld amber (Rappsilber, 2016). Uncertainties regarding botanical provenance, age, and geographical origin are particularly associated with these two amber deposits. Langenheim (2003) introduced the term "Tertiary Baltic Amber Mystery" to refer to the conflicting evidence about the botanical source of succinite, which is the main resin variety of Baltic

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Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Convergence in Forest Microfungi Provides a Proxy for Paleogene Forest Structure

Rikkinen

Schmidt

2018

Transformative Paleobotany

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“…Many studies have found that within cities, native flora and fauna communities are usually radically altered in terms of species composition, abundance, richness and evenness (Nilon and Pais 1997;van der Ree and McCarthy 2005;Gagné and Fahrig 2011;Faeth et al 2011;Jones and Leather 2012;Aronson et al 2014;Lattman et al 2014). In the case of urban fauna, the main effects of urbanization are: biotic homogenization -a decrease in richness and diversity of fauna species along with the degree of urbanization (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How small cities affect the biodiversity of ground-dwelling mammals and the relevance of this knowledge in planning urban land expansion in terms of urban wildlife

Łopucki

Kitowski

2017

Urban Ecosyst

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Fundamental principles regarding urban biodiversity are based on studies conducted in large cities. However we cannot know whether the same phenomena occur in smaller cities or how small cities affect biodiversity. Small cities are an inherent element of urbanization and in the future, most global urban growth is expected to take place in small and mediumsized cities. Understanding the effects of small cities on biodiversity will be an important aspect in planning urban land expansion. Our study examined the effects of a small city on communities of small ground-dwelling mammals on 41 sites arranged in a four step gradient of urbanization. In 6700 trapdays, we caught 2333 individuals comprising 15 species. In the downtown area the same phenomena as those described for large cities were observed: a reduction in species richness and diversity, a decline in the abundance of urban sensitive species and an increase in synurbic species. However, in contrast to large city studies, green areas outside the downtown area did not differ from rural sites in small mammal population parameters. This phenomenon of relatively unchanged fauna outside the downtown area shows that small cities have the potential to maintain a high level of diversity of small grounddwelling mammals if appropriate planning of further building expansion is implemented. More studies of small cities are needed to better assess their impact on biodiversity. This knowledge can then be applied in better planning for urban wildlife. Generalizations based solely on large city studies are inadequate and may lead to incomplete or inappropriate conservation strategies for small cities.

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“…Unfortunately, lichen diversity has declined along with the transformation of ecosystems. Even if some valuable trees survive over the course of these developments, their lichen biota is likely to become depleted over time (Lättman et al 2014) which will decrease lichen populations, size and diversity (Öckinger and Nilsson 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parmotrema species in a cloud forest region turned into an urban zone in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

Pérez-Pérez¹,

Guzmán

2015

Bosque (Valdivia)

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Parmotrema species in a cloud forest region turned into an urban zone in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico SUMMARYThe cloud forest of Mexico has the highest biodiversity among the country's diverse forest types; however, 90 % of the cloud forest ecosystem in the region of Xalapa has been destroyed and what remains is at risk. This region is home to an enormous diversity of lichen species. In a lichen survey carried out in this remnant of cloud forest in Xalapa, which has been turned into an urban area, we identified only eight species of Parmotrema, all of which showed vegetative propagules. Regardless of the role of the genus in the ecosystems, these lichens may be disappearing as a result of the transformation and destruction of the cloud forest ecosystem in Mexico.Key words: Parmotrema, cloud forest, Xalapa Region, Mexico. RESUMENEl bosque mesófilo de montaña es de los ecosistemas más diversos que hay en el México; sin embargo, en la región de Xalapa el 90 % ha sido destruido y el resto está en riesgo. La región alberga gran diversidad de líquenes. En este sitio de estudio, que fue un remanente de bosque mesófilo de montaña transformado a zona urbana, se identificaron solo ocho especies pertenecientes al género Parmotrema, todas ellas presentaron propágulos vegetativos. No obstante la importancia del género en los ecosistemas, estos líquenes están en riesgo de desaparecer como resultado de la transformación y destrucción del ecosistema en México.Palabras clave: Parmotrema, bosque mesófilo, región de Xalapa, México.

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Decline in lichen biodiversity on oak trunks due to urbanization

Cited by 22 publications

References 45 publications

Morphological Convergence in Forest Microfungi Provides a Proxy for Paleogene Forest Structure

Morphological Convergence in Forest Microfungi Provides a Proxy for Paleogene Forest Structure

How small cities affect the biodiversity of ground-dwelling mammals and the relevance of this knowledge in planning urban land expansion in terms of urban wildlife

Parmotrema species in a cloud forest region turned into an urban zone in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

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