“…Many conventional water treatment methods have been incorporated to treat water contaminated with heavy metals and radioisotopes such as solvent extraction, sorption, and ion exchange (El-Sadek et al, 2021;Hassan et al, 2019;Mahrous et al, 2022cMahrous et al, , 2022bMahrous et al, , 2022aMansy et al, , 2017. There are some studies about the influence of conventional treatments applied at water treatment plants to reduce radioactivity (Arnal et al, 2000;Baeza et al, 2006;Commission, 2002;Gäfvert et al, 2002;Jiménez and De La Montaña Rufo, 2002;Montaña et al, 2013;Munter, 2013;Palomo et al, 2010). However, these methods have several limiting factors including thermal instability, the formation of toxic intermediates, and high energy consumption (Clearfield, 2010;Dakroury et al, 2020;Wang and Zhuang, 2019).…”