Decisional space modulates visual categorization – Evidence from saccadic reaction times

Ramon, Meike; Sokhn, Nayla; Caldara, Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.01.019

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…For example, despite assessing two distinct processes, the CFMT+ and YBT both require individuals to find a target identity among multiple alternatives. On the other hand, while both the FICST and YBT assess face perception, due to the incorporated manipulations they involve distinct tasks, highly different face stimuli, and fundamentally different decisional spaces Ramon et al, 2019c).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As evident from the data reported for phase 2, observers are clearly more proficient when provided with top-down information regarding the decisional space in which identity matches are to be provided (cf. Ramon, 2018a;Ramon et al, 2019c). Relatedly, attention must also be paid the possibility of observers being familiar with the two Dutch celebrities depicted.…”

Section: Optimal Ybt and Ficst Application: Methodological Consideratmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the YBT, observers have to match five target pictures portraying young adults with the corresponding five probe images, which are presented along with five distractors (Bruck et al, 1991). Consequently, the FICST and YBT include a broader decisional space, which has been experimentally shown to increase task difficulty (Ramon, Sokhn, & Caldara, 2019;, and they also resemble more challenging real-world situations beyond identity verification.…”

Section: The Solution: Standardization Of Challenging and Ecological mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normative data for two challenging tests of face matching under ecological conditions

et al. 2020

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Background: Unfamiliar face processing is an ability that varies considerably between individuals. Numerous studies have aimed to identify its underlying determinants using controlled experimental procedures. While such tests can isolate variables that influence face processing, they usually involve somewhat unrealistic situations and optimized face images as stimulus material. As a consequence, the extent to which the performance observed under laboratory settings is informative for predicting real-life proficiency remains unclear. Results: We present normative data for two ecologically valid but underused tests of face matching: the Yearbook Test (YBT) and the Facial Identity Card Sorting Test (FICST). The YBT (n = 252) measures identity matching across substantial age-related changes in facial appearance, while the FICST (n = 218) assesses the ability to process unfamiliar facial identity despite superficial image variations. To determine the predictive value of both tests, a subsample of our cohort (n = 181) also completed a commonly used test of face recognition and two tests of face perception (the long form of the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT+), the Expertise in Facial Comparison Test (EFCT) and the Person Identification Challenge Test (PICT)). Conclusions: Focusing on the top performers identified independently per test, we made two important observations: 1) YBT and FICST performance can predict CFMT+ scores and vice versa; and 2) EFCT and PICT scores neither reliably predict superior performance in ecologically meaningful and challenging tests of face matching, nor in the most commonly used test of face recognition. These findings emphasize the necessity for using challenging and ecologically relevant, and thus highly sensitive, tasks of unfamiliar face processing to identify high-performing individuals in the normal population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optimal Ybt and Ficst Application: Methodological Consideratmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Solution: Standardization Of Challenging and Ecological mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normative data for two challenging tests of face matching under ecological conditions

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“…We believe this evidence should compel researchers and practitioners to carefully consider subprocesses involved in a given task, as well as the use of precise and appropriate terminology in the context of measuring face processing ability (Ramon, ; Ramon, Sokhn, & Caldara, ). The ability of any laboratory‐based test to capture the skill(s) relevant for real‐world tasks will be determined by the extent to which both rely on similar sets of subprocesses (see Figure ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Super‐recognizers: From the lab to the world and back again

Ramon

Bobak

White

2019

British J of Psychology

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151

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The recent discovery of individuals with superior face processing ability has sparked considerable interest amongst cognitive scientists and practitioners alike. These ‘Super‐recognizers’ (SRs) offer clues to the underlying processes responsible for high levels of face processing ability. It has been claimed that they can help make societies safer and fairer by improving accuracy of facial identity processing in real‐world tasks, for example when identifying suspects from Closed Circuit Television or performing security‐critical identity verification tasks. Here, we argue that the current understanding of superior face processing does not justify widespread interest in SR deployment: There are relatively few studies of SRs and no evidence that high accuracy on laboratory‐based tests translates directly to operational deployment. Using simulated data, we show that modest accuracy benefits can be expected from deploying SRs on the basis of ideally calibrated laboratory tests. Attaining more substantial benefits will require greater levels of communication and collaboration between psychologists and practitioners. We propose that translational and reverse‐translational approaches to knowledge development are critical to advance current understanding and to enable optimal deployment of SRs in society. Finally, we outline knowledge gaps that this approach can help address.

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“…Therefore, it is possible that similar representations in different brain regions occur at different time points; however, it has been argued that this is unlikely, given that the transformation of information exchanged between brain regions is complex and non-linear (Cichy and Oliva 2020). More generally, it has also been shown that the size of the stimulus set can impact familiar face processing (Ramon et al 2019). Expanding the stimulus set poses problems when examining highly personal social relations, particularly romantic partners, though using pictures of faces taken from different visual perspectives is one possibility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid neural representations of personally relevant faces

Bayer

Berhe

Dziobek

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Faces are a primary source of social information, but little is known about the sequence of neural processes that extract information from highly personally relevant faces, such as those of our loved ones. We applied representational similarity analyses to EEG-fMRI measurement of neural responses to faces of personal relevance to participants -their romantic partner and a friend -compared to a stranger. Faces expressed fear, happiness or no emotion. Shared EEG-fMRI representations started 100ms after stimulus onset not only in visual cortex, but also regions involved in social cognition, value representation and autobiographical memory, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate. Representations in fusiform gyrus, amygdala, insular cortex and N. accumbens were evident after 200 ms. Representations related to romantic love emerged after 400ms in subcortical brain regions associated with reward. The results point to the prioritized processing of personal relevance with rapid and extensive cortical representation.3 Faces are arguably the most important social and emotional stimuli we encounter in daily life. They tell us an enormous amount about our fellow humans, including whether they are strangers, friends, enemies, or loved ones, how old they are, how healthy they are, and how they are feeling, both generally, as well as towards us specifically. So important are faces to us, that we appear to be experts at processing them, and have developed specialised neural circuitry to do so (Kanwisher, 2000). Based on a large body of behavioural and neuroimaging research, theories of how different types of face information are extracted from the visual stream have been proposed, with separate processing pathways being suggested for transient (e.g. emotion) and stable (e.g. identity) aspects of faces (Bruce & Young, 1986). Yet testing these models is hampered by the lack of temporal resolution needed to delineate several rapidly occurring processing stages, and the almost exclusive focus on faces that carry little or no personal relevance to the observer.

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Decisional space modulates visual categorization – Evidence from saccadic reaction times

Cited by 11 publications

References 49 publications

Normative data for two challenging tests of face matching under ecological conditions

Normative data for two challenging tests of face matching under ecological conditions

Super‐recognizers: From the lab to the world and back again

Rapid neural representations of personally relevant faces

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