Decision making under stress: Scanning of alternatives under controllable and uncontrollable threats.

Keinan, Giora

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.639

Cited by 373 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Researchers using a similar method have attributed its effect to a number of sources (e.g., Chajut & Algom, 2003;Keinan, 1987;Keinan, Friedland, Kahneman, & Roth, 1999;Mogg, Mathews, Bird, & MacgregorMorris, 1990). On the one hand, the difficult, ego-threatening test could have induced a negative affective state (e.g., Mogg et al, 1990), which, in turn, reduced the available resources by triggering self-regulatory processes (e.g., Hockey, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Control Under Stress

2007

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ABSTRACT-This study investigated the effect of stress on cognitive control in task shifting. Subjects shifted between two tasks in an explicit cuing paradigm. Shift costs (i.e., performance decrements on task shifts relative to task repetitions) were measured for a long and a short cuestimulus interval (CSI). Stress was varied by administering low-stress and high-stress IQ scales to two groups of subjects. In the low-stress group, shift costs were reduced with an increased CSI, a result that typically indicates anticipatory and shift-specific task-set reconfiguration. In the high-stress group, however, shift costs were independent of the CSI. This result is consistent with the idea that stress induces a change in the reconfiguration strategy, possibly to adapt to depleted resources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Control Under Stress

2007

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“…Besides limits on cognitive capacity, the increased stress level could have evoked an increased focus on more important information and thus the use of TTB. It has been repeatedly shown that increased stress levels lead to "tunneling" and focusing on fewer pieces of information (e.g., Broadbent, 1971;Keinan, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel Constraint Satisfaction in Memory-Based Decisions

Glöckner

Hodges

2011

Experimental Psychology

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Three studies sought to investigate decision strategies in memory-based decisions and to test the predictions of the parallel constraint satisfaction (PCS) model for decision making (Glöckner & Betsch, 2008). Time pressure was manipulated and the model was compared against simple heuristics (take the best and equal weight) and a weighted additive strategy. From PCS we predicted that fast intuitive decision making is based on compensatory information integration and that decision time increases and confidence decreases with increasing inconsistency in the decision task. In line with these predictions we observed a predominant usage of compensatory strategies under all time-pressure conditions and even with decision times as short as 1.7 s. For a substantial number of participants, choices and decision times were best explained by PCS, but there was also evidence for use of simple heuristics. The time-pressure manipulation did not significantly affect decision strategies. Overall, the results highlight intuitive, automatic processes in decision making and support the idea that human information-processing capabilities are less severely bounded than often assumed.

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“…For example, compared to nonanxious participants, anxious participants have been observed to (a) take longer to verify logical inferences (S. Darke, 1988b), (b) scan alternatives in a more haphazard fashion and select options without considering every alternative (Keinan, 1987), (c) commit more errors in analogical problems (Keinan, 1987;Leon & Revelle, 1985), and (d) process persuasion arguments less thoroughly (Sanbonmatsu & Kardes, 1988; but see Pham, 1996 for a different interpretation) It should be noted, however, that most of these findings pertain to the effects of high anxiety. It is therefore not clear whether they generalize to other types of emotional arousal such as intense joy, anger, or pride.…”

Section: Effects Of Incidental Affect On Judgment and Decision Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature and Role of Affect in Consumer Behavior

Cohen

Pham

Andrade

Handbook of Consumer Psychology

233

287

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research in consumer behavior dealing with affect has exploded, making it one of the field's central research topics. Within psychology more generally, Schimmack and Crites (2005) located 923 references to affect between 1960 and 1980 and 4,170 between 1980 and 2000. Since research on affect has become more specialized, this chapter will concentrate on the various ways affect influences judgment and choice rather than on broader and historical perspectives.These will include the role of affect in information retrieval, differential processing of affectively colored information (including the role of affect in strengthening mental associations and memory consolidation), how and when affect provides information that influences judgments and decisions, and the motivational role of affect in guiding behavior and signaling the need for changes in vigilance, intensity, and direction. We begin, however, with some essential definitions. THE NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF AFFECT On Affect: Feelings, Emotions, and Moods What Affect MeansThere is still some carryover from the use of the term "affect" to also refer to what is, in essence, the evaluative aspect of attitudes. This stems from the classic tri-partite depiction of attitudes: cognitive, affective, and conative (see Eagly & Chaiken, 1993) and a failure to adequately differentiate between evaluative measures (e.g., favorable/unfavorable) and antecedent or subsequent processes, which might be feeling-based. Consistent with most recent 3 scholarly discussions, we reserve the term "affect" to describe an internal feeling state. One's explicit or implicit "liking" for some object, person, or position is viewed as an evaluative judgment rather than an internal feeling state. As Russell and Carroll (1999a) put it:"By affect, we have in mind genuine subjective feelings and moods (as when someone says, 'I'm feeling sad'), rather than thoughts about specific objects or events (as when someone calmly says, 'The crusades were a sad chapter in human history')." This chapter maintains the separation of affect as a feeling state that is distinct from either liking or purely descriptive cognition. So when we use the term "affect" to describe stimuli, internal and overt responses, it is only in relation to evoked feeling states. Imagine, in contrast, an advertisement whose words or images connote a happy (i.e., successful) outcome.Affective processes cannot merely be assumed. Alternative explanations (e.g., the advertised product seems likely to produce favorable outcomes) for so-called "affective" influences on subsequent evaluations and behavior must be ruled out before implicating affect. These include semantically associated changes in object meaning or construct accessibility.This definition also raises both philosophical and empirical questions about whether such a feeling state must be consciously experienced or whether we can be unaware that we are experiencing affect. Research where subliminally presented smiling or frowning faces were used to prime affect (outside of awarenes...

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Decision making under stress: Scanning of alternatives under controllable and uncontrollable threats.

Cited by 373 publications

References 20 publications

Cognitive Control Under Stress

Cognitive Control Under Stress

Parallel Constraint Satisfaction in Memory-Based Decisions

The Nature and Role of Affect in Consumer Behavior

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