Decision-making and Risky Behavior in Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 10-year Longitudinal Study

Orm, Stian; Pollak, Yehuda; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, P.; Øie, Merete Glenne; Skogli, Erik Winther

doi:10.1080/87565641.2022.2082430

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…First, we found support for our hypothesis that a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood or adolescence was associated with lower QoL and more functional impairments in emerging adulthood when compared with TD individuals. Our findings add to previous knowledge about adult outcomes of ADHD, which have reported a range of functional impairments and high levels of psychopathology symptoms in emerging adulthood (Cherkasova et al, 2021;Hinshaw et al, 2012;Lorenzo et al, 2021;Orm et al, 2021;Orm, Pollak, et al, 2022). However, previous studies have neglected the measurement of QoL (see Cherkasova et al, 2021 for a review), and as such, our results expand on previous findings by demonstrating a longitudinal association between ADHD and reduced QoL in emerging adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Predictors of Quality of Life and Functional Impairments in Emerging Adults With and Without ADHD: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study

et al. 2023

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Objective: We tested the hypotheses that (1) a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood or adolescence is associated with reduced quality of life (QoL) and everyday functioning in emerging adulthood, and (2) executive function (EF) deficits, internalizing difficulties, and ADHD symptoms predict reduced QoL and more functional impairments. Method: We assessed 85 children and adolescents with ADHD and 50 typically developing (TD) peers at baseline ( Mage = 11.6 years, 58% males), 2-year follow-up, and 10-year follow-up with neuropsychological tests of EF and self-reports. Results: Individuals with ADHD reported lower QoL and functional impairments in emerging adulthood compared to TD peers. More internalizing difficulties and ADHD symptoms at baseline and 2-year follow-up significantly predicted lower QoL and more functional impairments at the 10-year follow-up. Conclusion ADHD and internalizing difficulties in childhood or adolescence have a negative impact on QoL and everyday functioning in emerging adulthood.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Predictors of Quality of Life and Functional Impairments in Emerging Adults With and Without ADHD: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study

et al. 2023

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“…Of note, low-delay (i.e., displaying a preference for an immediate smaller reward) was more frequent for girls than boys, and regulated-DM rather than affective DM (i.e., oriented towards lower immediate reward, but long-term advantage) was observed more frequently for boys than girls. Typically, adult males and teenage boys tend to show riskier behavior than female participants in the Iowa gambling task or its age-appropriate versions ( Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006 ; Orm et al, 2022 ). This sex difference is not yet visible in our sample spanning middle childhood, but might develop later ( Poon, 2017 ; Orm et al, 2022 ), potentially due to differences in the maturation speed of the orbital prefrontal cortex ( Lensing and Elsner, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, adult males and teenage boys tend to show riskier behavior than female participants in the Iowa gambling task or its age-appropriate versions ( Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006 ; Orm et al, 2022 ). This sex difference is not yet visible in our sample spanning middle childhood, but might develop later ( Poon, 2017 ; Orm et al, 2022 ), potentially due to differences in the maturation speed of the orbital prefrontal cortex ( Lensing and Elsner, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cool EF are positively associated with intelligence as well as academic or vocational success ( Röthlisberger et al, 2010 ; Diamond, 2014 ; Peterson and Welsh, 2014 ; Poon, 2017 ; Jacobson et al, 2018 ). Hot EF are positively associated with social competence and negatively with risk-taking behavior and health outcomes including obesity and addiction ( Wulfert et al, 2002 ; Peterson and Welsh, 2014 ; Lensing and Elsner, 2017 ; Orm et al, 2022 ). To date, few studies have investigated the predictive value of basal EF facets on the emergence of more complex SR abilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Profiles of executive functions in middle childhood and prediction of later self-regulation

Brandt,

Bondü,

Elsner

2024

Front. Psychol.

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Most research on the development of executive functions (EF) has applied variable-oriented approaches, neglecting the potential inter- and intraindividual interplay of these capacities. In a person-oriented approach, the present study identified varying profiles of performance for three cool EF facets: inhibition, working-memory updating, and cognitive flexibility, as well as two hot EF facets: affective decision-making and delay of gratification, in a community sample of 1,657 children (T1; age: 6–11 years, M = 8.36 years, 52.1% female) via latent profile analysis. The best-fitting model allowed for partial dependence across the three cool EF and included four profiles: all-average (69.4% of the children), low-delay (19.0%), regulated-decision-making (7.0%), and low-inhibition (4.6%). Age, binary sex, socio-economic status, multilingualism, and processing speed were identified as significant characteristics of EF profile membership. Longitudinally, a higher probability of belonging to the low-inhibition profile predicted lower rates of the self-regulatory outcome of inhibitory control 1 year later, while belonging to the regulated-decision-making profile predicted lower rates of the ability to plan and organize 3 years later. These results not only demonstrate the existence of subgroups with different concurrent within-person expressions of EF performance, but also identify related characteristics and longitudinal outcomes of subgroup membership. In turn, these conclusions stress the importance of person-oriented research to inform on differing weaknesses or strengths in EF performance for varying individuals, thereby providing valuable insight for educational and clinical research into the design of effective personalized support or interventions during middle childhood.

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Cool and hot executive function problems in young children: linking self-regulation processes to emerging clinical symptoms

Anning,

Langley,

Hobson

et al. 2024

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Self-regulation (SR) difficulties are implicated in a wide range of disorders which develop in childhood, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiance disorder (ODD), anxiety and depression. However, the integration of the existing research evidence is challenging because of varying terminology and the wide range of tasks used, as well as the heterogeneity and comorbidity within and across diagnostic categories. The current study used the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework to guide the examination of different SR processes in young children showing a wide range of symptomatology. Children (aged 4–8) referred by teachers for moderate-to-high conduct, hyperactivity and/or emotional problems at school (assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) subscales; n = 212), and children in SDQ typical ranges (n = 30) completed computerised cognitive control and decision-making tasks. Parents completed questionnaires to assess ADHD, ODD, anxiety and depression symptoms (n = 191). Compared to children with no teacher-reported difficulties, those with moderate-to-high problems showed poorer visuomotor control and decision-making. A factor analysis revealed that task variables adhered to RDoC dimensions and predicted variance in specific disorders: difficulties in cognitive control predicted ADHD symptoms, low reward-seeking was associated with depression and high reward-seeking was associated with ODD. This study highlights how the assessment of cognitive processes positioned within the RDoC framework can inform our understanding of disorder-specific and transdiagnostic difficulties in SR which are associated with diverse clinical symptoms in children.

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Decision-making and Risky Behavior in Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 10-year Longitudinal Study

Cited by 5 publications

References 72 publications

Predictors of Quality of Life and Functional Impairments in Emerging Adults With and Without ADHD: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study

Predictors of Quality of Life and Functional Impairments in Emerging Adults With and Without ADHD: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study

Profiles of executive functions in middle childhood and prediction of later self-regulation

Cool and hot executive function problems in young children: linking self-regulation processes to emerging clinical symptoms

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