“…Figure 4b shows the total density of states (DOS) of NiCuOOH and Cu/NiCuOOH, with both catalysts exhibiting metallic properties due to their non-zero density at Fermi energy, and Cu/NiCuOOH displaying more electron filling at the Fermi level than NiCuOOH, indicating better conductivity [43,44]. In addition, we also calculated the Gibbs free energy of NiCuOOH and Cu/NiCuOOH during the OER reaction, which contains three typical oxygen-containing intermediates (*OH, *O, and *OOH), with Ni being the active site [45,46]. As shown in Figure 4c, the rate determination step (RDS) on NiCuOOH is the first step (from H 2 O to *OH) with an overpotential of 2.24 V. After the introduction of Cu nanoparticles, the RDS of the OER reaction is still the first step from H 2 O to *OH, but its overpotential is significantly reduced to 1.97 V (Figure 4d).…”