Deciphering the salinity adaptation mechanism in Penicilliopsis clavariiformis AP, a rare salt tolerant fungus from mangrove

Abstract

Penicilliopsis clavariiformis AP, a rare salt tolerant fungus reported for the first time from India was identified through polyphasic taxonomy. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fungus has unique features such as biverticillate penicilli bearing masses of oval to ellipsoidal conidia. The fungus has been characterized for salt tolerance and to understand the relevance of central carbon metabolism in salt stress adaptation. It showed optimal growth at 24 °C and able to tolerate up to 10% (w/v) NaCl. To understand the mechanism of adaptation to high salinity, activities of the key enzymes regulating glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle were investigated under normal (0% NaCl) and saline stress environment (10% NaCl). The results revealed a re-routing of carbon metabolism away from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), served as a cellular stress-resistance mechanism in fungi under saline environment. The detection and significant expression of fungus genes (Hsp98, Hsp60, HTB, and RHO) under saline stress suggest that these halotolerance conferring genes from the fungus could have a role in fungus protection and adaptation under saline environment. Overall, the present findings indicate that the rearrangement of the metabolic fluxes distribution and stress related genes play an important role in cell survival and adaptation under saline environment.

Transcriptome Analysis to Understand Salt Stress Regulation Mechanism of Chromohalobacter salexigens ANJ207

“…These are also termed compatible solutes, as they provide osmotic balance without interfering with the cell function and proper folding of the protein. It is worth mentioning that microorganisms have evolved with a variety of transporters and efflux systems to maintain osmolarity ( Kashyap et al, 2016 ; Hoffmann and Bremer, 2017 ). There are several compounds, for example, sugar molecules (sucrose and trehalose), polyols (glycerol, glucosylglycerol, arabitols, etc.…”

Cloning, expression, and characterization of thermal‐stable and pH‐stable agarase from mangrove sediments

“…Agarases are mainly found in marine microorganisms, but have also been detected in freshwater and rhizosphere microbes . Mangrove sediments harbor abundant resources of microorganisms and enzymes, and some agarases were also found in mangrove sediments by culture‐dependent and −independent methods . For further industrial production, agarases must possess the following properties: (i) high agarose‐degrading activity; (ii) high substrate affinity; and (iii) wide working temperature and pH ranges.…”

Salinity fluctuation influencing biological adaptation: growth dynamics and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in a euryhaline bacterium

“…Here "reversibility" is defined as the ability of a trait to be reversed to the original state [39]. In previous studies, the effects of acclimation to salinity have been confirmed in a range of organisms, for example, deciphering the salinity adaptation mechanism in Penicilliopsis clavariiformis AP, a rare salt tolerant fungus from mangrove [40], effects of short-term and developmental acclimation on salinity tolerance in the copepod Eurytemora affinis [41], effects of highsalinity seawater acclimation on the levels of D-alanine in muscle and hepatopancreas tissues of the kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicas [42], gill-specific Na + /K + -ATPase activity and α-subunit mRNA expression during low-salinity acclimation of the ornate blue crab Callinectes ornatus [43]. There are also reports demonstrating the reversibility of phenotypic plasticity in manyaquatic organisms [44,45].…”