Deciphering Solar Magnetic Activity: 140 Years Of The ‘Extended Solar Cycle’ – Mapping the Hale Cycle

McIntosh, Scott W.; Leamon, Robert J.; Egeland, Ricky; Dikpati, Mausumi; Altróck, R. C.; Banerjee, D.; Chatterjee, Subhamoy; Srivastava, A. K.; Velli, M.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1028157/v1

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The findings of McIntosh et al (2014) were amplified and extended in a series of articles (McIntosh and Leamon, 2015;Srivastava et al, 2018;Leamon et al, 2019;Leamon et al 2020a;Leamon et al 2020b;Leamon et al 2020b;McIntosh et al, 2021;McIntosh et al, 2022). Together these research results dramatically revise our conception of solar cycles.…”

Section: The Recognition and Ramifications Of Two Complete 22-year Ha...mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…For the understanding of solar cycles, ephemeral regions have emerged from trivial features to essential. As illustrated in Figure 8, ephemeral regions define the beginning, middle, and ending phases of the 22year solar cycle (McIntosh et al, 2021). They are the primary means of tracing the early phase of the Hale Solar Cycle for at least 7-8 years before sunspots appear, and to continue during the late phase for 3-4 years after sunspots are no longer present (McIntosh et al, 2014).…”

Section: The Roles Of Ephemeral Active Regions and Elementary Bipoles...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the greater the number of ephemeral regions, the greater the sunspot numbers (Harvey, 1994). Their vast numbers during the sunspot phase of the solar cycle (Harvey and Harvey, 1973;Harvey, 1993a) indicate they could become the primary means of predicting the amplitude and timing of future solar cycles (Leamon et al, 2019;McIntosh et al, 2021). In addition, they might be useful for predicting the amplitude and timing of the sunspot phase within the 22-year solar cycles (Srivastava et al (2018).…”

Section: The Roles Of Ephemeral Active Regions and Elementary Bipoles...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first articles to explicitly say that a new paradigm for solar cycles had emerged are by Srivastava et al (2018) and McIntosh et al (2021). The individual 20 researchers contributing to these articles recognize that the new paradigm was initiated in the article of McIntosh et al (2014).…”

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Observations key to understanding solar cycles: a review

Martin

2024

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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A paradigm shift is taking place in the conception of solar cycles. In the previous conception, the changing numbers of sunspots over intervals of 9–14 years have been regarded as the fundamental solar cycle although two average 11-year cycles were necessary to account for the complete magnetic cycle. In the revised picture, sunspots are a phase in the middle of two 22-year overlapping solar cycles that operate continuously with clock-like precision. More than 20 researchers have contributed to the initial research articles from 2014 through 2021 which are dramatically altering the perception of solar cycles. The two 22-year cycles overlap in time by 11 years. This overlap is coincidentally the same average duration as the sunspot phase in each 22-year cycle. This coincidence and the relative lack of knowledge of the large numbers of small active regions without sunspots is what led to the previous paradigm in which the 11-year sunspot phases were misinterpreted as a single fundamental solar cycle. The combination of the two 22-year solar cycles, with their large numbers of short-lived active regions and ephemeral active regions are now understood to be the fundamental cycle with the proposed name “The Hale Solar Cycle.” The two 22-year solar cycles each occupy separate but adjacent bands in latitude. The orientations of the majority of bipolar magnetic regions in the two adjacent bands differ from each other by ∼180°. Both bands continuously drift from higher to lower latitudes as has been known for sunspot cycles. However, the polarity reversal occurs at the start of each 22-year cycle and at higher latitudes than it does for the sunspot cycles. This paradigm shift in the concept of solar cycles has resulted in major reconsiderations of additional topics on solar cycles in this review. These are 1) the large role of ephemeral active regions in the origin of solar cycles, 2) the depth of the origin of active regions and sunspots, 3) the mechanisms of how areas of unipolar magnetic network migrate to the solar poles every 11 years, and 4) the nature of the polarity reversal in alternate 22-year cycles rather than 11-year cycles.

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Section: The Recognition and Ramifications Of Two Complete 22-year Ha...mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: The Roles Of Ephemeral Active Regions and Elementary Bipoles...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Roles Of Ephemeral Active Regions and Elementary Bipoles...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Observations key to understanding solar cycles: a review

Martin

2024

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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Reviews in astronomy and space sciences

2024

Frontiers Research Topics

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Deciphering Solar Magnetic Activity: 140 Years Of The ‘Extended Solar Cycle’ – Mapping the Hale Cycle

Cited by 2 publications

References 64 publications

Observations key to understanding solar cycles: a review

Observations key to understanding solar cycles: a review

Reviews in astronomy and space sciences

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