Deciding what is safe to eat: Young children's understanding of appearance, reality, and edibleness

Krause, Christina M.; Saarnio, David A.

doi:10.1016/0193-3973(93)90034-s

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Within this context, young children have little awareness of the concept of contamination or disgust concerning things they ingest; they also have incomplete knowledge of edible and inedible substances (41)(42)(43)(44). Soil ingestion and other pica activity in young children then may not reflect aberrant behavior as much as behavior that dedines as care giver socialization efforts and children's sensory discriminations and cognitive advances coalesce to dampen its exercise.…”

Section: Relating Soil Pica To Hazard Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Ingestion: A Concern for Acute Toxicity in Children

Calabrese¹,

Stanek²,

James³

et al. 1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Section: Relating Soil Pica To Hazard Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Ingestion: A Concern for Acute Toxicity in Children

Calabrese¹,

Stanek²,

James³

et al. 1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…In addition to interindividual differences in susceptibility to toxic substances, there are likely to be important differences in soil pica activities as well. Within this context, young children have little awareness of the concept of contamination or disgust concerning things they ingest; they also have incomplete knowledge of edible and inedible substances (41)(42)(43)(44). Soil ingestion and other pica activity in young children then may not reflect aberrant behavior as much as behavior that dedines as care giver socialization efforts and children's sensory discriminations and cognitive advances coalesce to dampen its exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil ingestion: a concern for acute toxicity in children.

Calabrese

Stanek

James

et al. 1997

Environ Health Perspect

124

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Several soil ingestion studies have indicated that some children ingest substantial amounts of soil on given days. Although the EPA has assumed that 95% of children ingest 200 mg soil/day or less for exposure assessment purposes, some children have been observed to ingest up to 25-60 g soil during a single day. In light of the potential for children to ingest such large amounts of soil, an assessment was made of the possibility for soil pica episodes to result in acute intoxication from contaminant concentrations the EPA regards as representing conservative screening values (i.e., EPA soil screening levels and EPA Region III risk-based concentrations for residential soils). For a set of 13 chemicals included in the analysis, contaminant doses resulting from a one-time soil pica episode (5-50 g of soil ingested) were compared with acute dosages shown to produce toxicity in humans in clinical studies or case reports. For four of these chemicals, a soil pica episode was found to result in a contaminant dose approximating or exceeding the acute human lethal dose. For five of the remaining chemicals, the contaminant dose from a soil pica episode was well within the reported dose range in humans for toxicity other than lethality. Because both the exposure episodes and the toxicological response information are derived from observations in humans, these findings are regarded as particularly relevant for human health risk assessment. They suggest that, for some chemicals, ostensibly conservative soil criteria based on chronic exposure using current EPA methodology may not be protective of children during acute soil pica episodes.

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“…Deceptive objects like fake food replicas are deliberately designed to trick even adults that the object is real, unlike scale models such as those used by Tare et al (2010), which are substitutes for their larger real-world counterparts and are highly salient to children in the form of toys. Fake food replicas were considered suitable because children younger than 4 do not reliably distinguish between the appearance and reality of such deceptive objects (Flavell, Green, Flavell, Watson, & Campione, 1986), especially when they appear edible (Krause & Saarnio, 1993). In addition, the current study unconfounds tactile and pictorial features.…”

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lift-the-flap features in “first words” picture books impede word learning in 2-year-olds.

Shinskey¹

2021

Journal of Educational Psychology

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Toddlers learn more about the world from picture books with photographs instead of drawings, but commercial books often have tactile features such as flaps that may counterintuitively hinder learning. This study tested how lift-the-flap features in a commercial picture book of first words affected 2-year-olds’ (N = 32) learning of a new word for an unfamiliar food. Sixteen children saw the original lift-the-flap book, which depicted photos, and 16 saw the same book except that it was modified to have no flaps. The researcher went through the book with the child, labeling each fruit and vegetable six times. All children were unfamiliar with starfruit and were taught that it was called “carambola.” After they saw the book, children’s learning was tested by asking them to choose the target (i.e., “Show me carambola”) from an array of 3 photos and then from an array of 3 fake food objects. Children who saw the lift-the-flap book chose the carambola target significantly less often than those who saw the modified no-flap book, and only those who saw the no-flap book performed above chance. However, the 2 groups did not differ in recognizing six higher frequency food words that were also presented in the book. Thus, 2-year-olds’ word learning was hindered when taught using a book with tactile features versus one without. This finding supports dual representation accounts arguing that a symbol’s concreteness interferes with representation of its abstract referent, and cognitive load accounts suggesting that tactile features distract attention from the book’s content.

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Deciding what is safe to eat: Young children's understanding of appearance, reality, and edibleness

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Soil Ingestion: A Concern for Acute Toxicity in Children

Soil Ingestion: A Concern for Acute Toxicity in Children

Soil ingestion: a concern for acute toxicity in children.

Lift-the-flap features in “first words” picture books impede word learning in 2-year-olds.

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