“…The results presented here suggest that there is no panacea for improving any specific aspect of patent quality. If we accept this, then very targeted policy changes (including non-patent innovation policies) are likely the most efficient way to address many common criticisms of the patent system (Hemel and Ouellette, 2018), which may, in turn, require system-wide structural changes to practically implement (de Rassenfosse and Higham, 2019).…”