Decentralised optimal vehicle‐to‐grid coordination with forecast errors

Static–dynamic hybrid sequential VPP network analysis

“…If these resources are connected to the grid, then EVs can provide electric energy to the grid or absorb from it [4]. From the perspective of the power grid, EVs can act both as a power consumer and a power supplier [5]. However, large-scale EVs will have an impact on the total power demand [6].…”

Hierarchical management strategy for electric vehicles charging schedule considering the scarcity of charging resources

“…Literature [26,27] proposes a decentralized congestion management framework to solve the congestion problem of DNs based on the cooperation of electric vehicle aggregators. However, the effect of hierarchical control depends on the prediction accuracy of the superior organization [28]. If the prediction is inaccurate, the electric vehicle is unable to execute the scheduling instructions of the upper organization.…”

“…1. The scarcity of charging resources is not considered in previous EV charging scheduling methods [7][8][9][10][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] and payment mechanisms [33][34][35]. In previous scheduling methods and payment mechanisms, EV scheduling schemes are optimized without the consideration of limited feeder capacity and limited charging unit capacity.…”