Decellularized pericardial extracellular matrix: The preferred porous scaffold for regenerative medicine

Abstract

muscle cells, neomuscle fibers, neoglycosaminoglycans, and neocapillaries in the implanted tissue. 11 Similarly, Gálvez-Montón et al 12 reported that engraftment of an acellular human pericardial scaffold over porcine infarcted myocardium prompted scaffold neoinnervation and neovascularization. Decellularized ECM may also be used as cell supportive material, or even to incorporate bioactive factors for prolonged retention, facilitating their local delivery and action. Perea-Gil et al 8 repopulated decellularized ECM of both myocardial and pericardial origin with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal cells (MSCs). The decellularized pericardial scaffold demonstrated better cell infiltration and retention and larger pore size. Both myocardial and pericardial scaffolds were further evaluated in a porcine model of myocardial infarction, showing integration with the underlying myocardium, signs of neovascularization and nerve sprouting, and ventricular function recovery 40 days after scaffold implantation.In the referred report, Liu et al evaluated the capability of porous bovine pericardial scaffolds to load and release basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a potent mitogen that regulates the migration, differentiation, and growth of different cell types and plays an important role in tissue repair and regeneration. They showed that bFGF is easily absorbed, penetrates the porous scaffolds and was effectively released in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. 7 Furthermore, when these scaffolds were subcutaneously implanted in the rat model, they promoted MSC recruitment and inhibited myofibroblast differentiation, indicating that the released bFGF preserved its bioactivity in vivo. 7

Tissue-Specific Decellularization Methods: Rationale and Strategies to Achieve Regenerative Compounds

“…On the other hand, research efforts are directed toward defining regenerative or reparative approaches as a substitute to heart valve replacement procedures, a clinically required procedure in certain patients of valvular heart disease (VHD). In all of these cardiovascular regenerative research contexts, decellularized cardiac tissue is now thoroughly assayed, sometimes as a biocompatible and cytokine-carrying implantable scaffold, and in other cases, as a recellularized carrier of therapeutic cells [106,107]. Indeed, whole tissue decellularization, followed by recellularization, is a strategy that many labs are working on [108].…”

Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Post-Myocardial Infarction Therapeutic Toolkit: An Experienced View

“…However, proteome characterization of the two decellularized matrices showed enrichment of matrisome proteins and major cardiac ECM proteins, considerably higher for the recellularized pericardial graft. Moreover, although macro and micromechanics were well-maintained in both cardiac ECM following decellularization, the decellularized pericardial scaffold demonstrated improved cell infiltration and retention as well as larger pore size, making it the preferred scaffold for the biofabrication of solid organs or bioimplants [ 48 , 49 ]. Interestingly, decellularized ECM can be subjected to lyophilisation or sterilization procedures without significant mechanical changes, thus allowing their storage until use as off-the-shelf products for clinical use [ 49 , 50 ].…”

Decellularized scaffolds for tissue engineering: Current status and future perspective

“…The updates in creating tracheal grafts have been demonstrated through protocol improvements in physical decellularization, chemical decellularization, and bioreactor methods in the past five years 73–77 . These protocol advancements have also been seen in other organ systems using animal‐based models such as esophagus (murine‐rat), 78 lung (ovine), 79 cartilage (porcine), 80 uterus (ovine and leporine), 81,82 bladder (leporine), 83 pericardium (bovine), 84 submillimeter vasculature (murine‐rat), 85 and intestine (murine‐mouse) 86 model tissues. Protocol advancement in the field of vasculature has been especially important given this is often viewed as a challenge due to the size and difficulty of reseeding these grafts with endothelial cells 87 .…”