“…Decellularized apple hypanthium tissue demonstrated osteogenic and mineralization potential but had a poor load-bearing ability, which necessitates further studies for enhancing its mechanical properties, particularly for load-bearing applications. 173 An innovative way for improving the mechanical properties of plant-based cellulose was devised by Mahendiran et al 174 Decellularized Borassus flabellifer (Linn.) (BF) cellulose scaffolds were blended with chitosan to form hybrid scaffolds, which demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, compressive strength, biostability, and biocompatibility with fibroblast cells.…”
Section: Biomedical Applications Of the Various Animal Waste–derived Materialsmentioning
Recent developments in the biomedical arena have led to the progress of several biomaterials by utilizing bioactive molecules from biological wastes arising from the fish, meat, and poultry industries. These...
“…Decellularized apple hypanthium tissue demonstrated osteogenic and mineralization potential but had a poor load-bearing ability, which necessitates further studies for enhancing its mechanical properties, particularly for load-bearing applications. 173 An innovative way for improving the mechanical properties of plant-based cellulose was devised by Mahendiran et al 174 Decellularized Borassus flabellifer (Linn.) (BF) cellulose scaffolds were blended with chitosan to form hybrid scaffolds, which demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, compressive strength, biostability, and biocompatibility with fibroblast cells.…”
Section: Biomedical Applications Of the Various Animal Waste–derived Materialsmentioning
Recent developments in the biomedical arena have led to the progress of several biomaterials by utilizing bioactive molecules from biological wastes arising from the fish, meat, and poultry industries. These...
“…as they have higher biocompatibility, excellent biodegradability, and minimal toxicity [ 38 ]. Moreover, plant-derived biomaterials have been explored widely to replace animal-derived ones due to major concerns regarding variability, ethical and environmental issues, also, animal-derived products are of higher cost and need more extraction and purification processes [ 39 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Biomaterials In Tissue Engineeringmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In conclusion, both scaffolds are suitable candidates for tissue engineering applications. Nevertheless, this study lacked in vivo studies, and long-term stability [ 39 ].…”
Section: Biomaterials In Tissue Engineeringmentioning
Tissue engineering has emerged as an interesting field nowadays; it focuses on accelerating the auto-healing mechanism of tissues rather than organ transplantation. It involves implanting an In Vitro cultured initiative tissue or a scaffold loaded with tissue regenerating ingredients at the damaged area. Both techniques are based on the use of biodegradable, biocompatible polymers as scaffolding materials which are either derived from natural (e.g. alginates, celluloses, and zein) or synthetic sources (e.g. PLGA, PCL, and PLA). This review discusses in detail the recent applications of different biomaterials in tissue engineering highlighting the targeted tissues besides the in vitro and in vivo key findings. As well, smart biomaterials (e.g. chitosan) are fascinating candidates in the field as they are capable of elucidating a chemical or physical transformation as response to external stimuli (e.g. temperature, pH, magnetic or electric fields). Recent trends in tissue engineering are summarized in this review highlighting the use of stem cells, 3D printing techniques, and the most recent 4D printing approach which relies on the use of smart biomaterials to produce a dynamic scaffold resembling the natural tissue. Furthermore, the application of advanced tissue engineering techniques provides hope for the researchers to recognize COVID-19/host interaction, also, it presents a promising solution to rejuvenate the destroyed lung tissues.
Graphical abstract
“…Furthermore, in vitro investigations using fibroblasts indicated that a better microenvironment is provided by the scaffolds, enabling enhanced cell adhesion and colonization. Taking into account such merits, the CS/CHI scaffold can be regarded as a promising candidate for tissue engineering and 3D cell culture [54].…”
Section: Natural Cellulose For Skin Tissue Engineeringmentioning
In recent years, tissue engineering researchers have exploited a variety of biomaterials that can potentially mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue regeneration. Natural cellulose, mainly obtained from bacterial (BC) and plant-based (PC) sources, can serve as a high-potential scaffold material for different regenerative purposes. Natural cellulose has drawn the attention of researchers due to its advantages over synthetic cellulose including its availability, cost effectiveness, perfusability, biocompatibility, negligible toxicity, mild immune response, and imitation of native tissues. In this article, we review recent in vivo and in vitro studies which aimed to assess the potential of natural cellulose for the purpose of soft (skin, heart, vein, nerve, etc.) and hard (bone and tooth) tissue engineering. Based on the current research progress report, it is sensible to conclude that this emerging field of study is yet to satisfy the clinical translation criteria, though reaching that level of application does not seem far-fetched.
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