Decellularised scaffolds: just a framework? Current knowledge and future directions

Abstract

The use of decellularised matrices as scaffolds offers the advantage of great similarity with the tissue to be replaced. Moreover, decellularised tissues and organs can be repopulated with the patient’s own cells to produce bespoke therapies. Great progress has been made in research and development of decellularised scaffolds, and more recently, these materials are being used in exciting new areas like hydrogels and bioinks. However, much effort is still needed towards preserving the original extracellular matrix composition, especially its minor components, assessing its functionality and scaling up for large tissues and organs. Emphasis should also be placed on developing new decellularisation methods and establishing minimal criteria for assessing the success of the decellularisation process. The aim of this review is to critically review the existing literature on decellularised scaffolds, especially on the preparation of these matrices, and point out areas for improvement, finishing with alternative uses of decellularised scaffolds other than tissue and organ reconstruction. Such uses include three-dimensional ex vivo platforms for idiopathic diseases and cancer modelling.

Ceramic Scaffolds in a Vacuum Suction Handle for Intraoperative Stromal Cell Enrichment

“…There are many research groups who are working on solutions for bone regeneration onto biomaterials [ 26 ]. In contrast to other investigators, we intend to present a simple, time-saving and patient-friendly solution.…”

Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering strategies using cell aggregates and decellularized scaffolds for the rescue of liver failure

“…135,136 There are a variety of feasible decellularization protocols using either chemical, biological or physical methods to remove cellular and genetic components from the fresh liver. 130,131 Generally, chemical and biological decellularization methods can achieve effective decellularization but cause disruption of the ECM ultrastructure and loss of bioactive components, which are reversed by physical methods. 130,131 Moreover, different sterilization methods have also been comprehensively studied.…”

Chronic Leg Ulcers: Are Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Science the Solution?

“…These scaffolds or substitutes vary in their material composition (biological origin, natural or synthetic polymers, ceramics), permanence (temporary or permanent), intended layer of replacement (epidermis, dermis, or both), and the presence or lack of cells [ 17 ]. In terms of the material composition, some of the skin substitutes are of biological origin derived from native extracellular matrix (ECM), therefore are formed of native proteins and ligands that provide the physiological microenvironment for the new tissue to grow [ 18 ]. Alternatively, biomaterials that are used to develop novel skin scaffolds commonly include polymers (natural or synthetic) and ceramics (bioactive glasses), which all have their advantages and disadvantages [ 17 ].…”