Decayed Woody Material From Mushroom Cultivation: Characterization of Liquefaction

Abstract

Decayed woody material from mushroom cultivation is one of the most important waste materials in Japan, as almost 300 tonnes are released each year. It is nearly impossible to reuse these resources, because of the damage to its original form and deterioration of its strength. These decayed woody materials could be used to create a valid chemical product from the main components' decomposition: this could reduce waste material and its environmental impact, especially in developing countries. This article focuses on the liquefied portion of decayed woody materials that is released from mushroom cultivation. By analysis of the products from major woody holocellulose (i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose) and lignin, we found the same ratios of weight loss in decayed woody samples, compared with the original woody samples. All the main components of the decayed wood were partially degraded. The crystallinities within woody samples were decreased with sufficient long-term decay. After these decayed woody samples were liquefied and compared with the original samples, we conducted liquefaction tests using ethylene glycol, glycerine, and the catalyst sulfuric acid. The ratios of residue during liquefaction showed that the liquefied characteristics of decayed woody material released from mushroom cultivation were equal to or less than that of the original wood. In addition, the results as determined by a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the liquefied ratios of decayed woody samples could be equal to or higher than those original woody samples without decay.

Preparation and Evaluation of Epoxy Resin Prepared from the Liquefied Product of Cotton Stalk

“…The cured cotton-stalk-based epoxy resin exhibited a higher flexural modulus than that of Epon 828. Moreover, the tensile strength of the liquefied cotton-stalk-based epoxy resins (35.4 MPa) is higher than both liquefied wood-based epoxy (34 MPa) [23] and epoxidized soybean oil-based epoxy (29 MPa). The usage of the bio-based epoxy resin as a substitute is because of their worthy property, namely high stiffness.…”

“…The cotton stalk was first dried using a thermal controller at 105 • C for 12 h. Then, the dried sample (10 g) was mixed with PEG 400 and glycerin used as the liquefaction reagents at different ratios in the range of 10/0 to 6/4 (w/w%) in a 500 mL three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer and a reflux condenser [5,23]. The solvent/cotton-stalk ratio was varied in the range of 3/1 to 5/1 (w/w%), while the catalyst concentration was varied in the range of 1-4 (w/w%).…”

Wood-Based Epoxy Resin's Synthesis Using Decayed Woody Material from Mushroom Cultivation

“…The total of 2 samples was collected and analyzed for chemical characteristics as shown in Figure 1. Liquefaction experiment was carried out according to Wang et al [8]. The reaction condition is following them [8].…”

“…Liquefaction experiment was carried out according to Wang et al [8]. The reaction condition is following them [8]. The temperature is chosen the highest one because there is the biggest difference of residue between original woody material and decayed woody material.…”

“…We studied the woody samples decayed by white-rot fungus and liquefied successfully [7]. Subsequently, the liquefaction of the woody material from mushroom cultivation was successful [8]. The purpose of this study is to analyze the liquefied woody material from mushroom cultivation and the epoxy resin produced from that.…”