Decay fungi associated with cavity excavation by a large South American woodpecker

Abstract

In temperate systems of the Northern Hemisphere, wood‐decay fungi are known to facilitate cavity excavation by woodpeckers. For South America, woodpecker–fungi interactions have not been explored. The aim of this work was to identify wood‐decay fungi associated with the process of cavity excavation by the Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus), a large South American picid that excavates on living trees. The survey was conducted in old‐growth Nothofagus pumilio forests of Patagonia. For freshly excavated cavities, wood condition was assessed, adjacent basidiocarps were collected, and fungal cultures were obtained from wood samples taken to the laboratory. All cavities exhibited softened wood. Four Agaricomycotina were isolated in cultures: Stereum hirsutum was the most frequent, followed by Postia pelliculosa, Nothophellinus andinopatagonicus and Aurantiporus albidus. Basidiocarps around cavities were of two species that did not develop in cultures: Laetiporus portentosus and Macrohyporia dictyopora. Excavations were slightly more frequent in white rot colonized than brown rot colonized wood, but this may be an artefact of differential success in fungal isolation and culturing, since several cavities that showed visual symptoms of brown wood rots did not yield mycelia of those wood‐decay fungi. As shown by research elsewhere, basidiocarps underestimated heart rot on cavity walls and revealed additional wood‐decay species living on the same trees; therefore, assessments of fungal diversity in substrates used for cavity excavation should be based on culturing and/or DNA extraction. Because fungal communities in the southern Andes are poorly known, decay fungi and their roles in ecosystem development should be studied across different forest areas, where samples from non‐cavity‐bearing (control) trees should also be taken in order to determine excavation‐site selection.

The role of chemical properties of the material deposited in nests of white stork in shaping enzymatic activity and fungal diversity

“…The predominance of ascomycetes appears to be a characteristic of open-cup bird nest mycobiota (Pugh 1965 , 1966 ; Apinis and Pugh 1967 ; Otčenašek et al 1967 ; Pugh and Evans 1970 ; Korniłłowicz-Kowalska and Kitowski 2009 , 2017 ; Korniłłowicz-Kowalska et al 2010 , 2011 , 2018 ). Interestingly, basidiomycetes are the dominant and co-dominant members of fungal communities in woodpeckers’ cavities excavated in dead or living trees (Jusino et al 2015 ; Jankowiak et al 2019 ; Pozzi et al 2020 ).…”