Decarbonization in Shipping Industry: A Review of Research, Technology Development, and Innovation Proposals

Mallouppas, George; Yfantis, Elias A.

doi:10.3390/jmse9040415

Cited by 155 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Several experimental results available in the literature concluded that a 100% ammonia fuel mode (i.e., . E diesel = 0) leads to performance problems in compression ignition engines because ammonia has a high resistance to autoignition [25,26]. According to this, the power contribution from diesel fuel analyzed in the present work encompasses the range from 10 to 100%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Possibilities of Ammonia as Both Fuel and NOx Reductant in Marine Engines: A Numerical Study

Rodríguez

Galdo

Rodrı́guez

et al. 2022

JMSE

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Nowadays, the environmental impact of shipping constitutes an important challenge. In order to achieve climate neutrality as soon as possible, an important priority consists of progressing on the decarbonization of marine fuels. Free-carbon fuels, used as single fuel or in a dual-fuel mode, are gaining special interest for marine engines. A dual fuel ammonia-diesel operation is proposed in which ammonia is introduced with the intake air. According to this, the present work analyzes the possibilities of ammonia in marine diesel engines. Several ammonia-diesel proportions were analyzed, and it was found that when the proportion of ammonia is increased, important reductions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and unburnt hydrocarbons are obtained, but at the expense of increments of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which are only low when too small or too large proportions of ammonia are employed. In order to reduce NOx too, a second ammonia injection along the expansion stroke is proposed. This measure leads to important NOx reductions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Possibilities of Ammonia as Both Fuel and NOx Reductant in Marine Engines: A Numerical Study

Rodríguez

Galdo

Rodrı́guez

et al. 2022

JMSE

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“…Ammonia can be used as a drop-in fuel in diesel in internal combustion engines and gas turbines and as a primary fuel in fuel cells, making it a very appealing and competitive alternative [6,18,23]. However, as Imhoff et al suggest in their study, "naval vessels are less likely to adopt ammonia powertrains without significant redesigns" [29].…”

Section: Ammonia In Various Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, fuels such as LNG can have a negative impact on the environment due to "methane slip." Methane is a much more potent greenhouse gas than CO 2 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blue ammonia, which can be produced using carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems, can mitigate the increase in CO 2 emissions. However, CCS technologies are at an early stage of research and development, so not ready for commercialization, and are not cost-effective [6]. Currently, there is considerable activity in the research and development of ammonia-powered vessels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Latest Trends in the Use of Green Ammonia as an Energy Carrier in Maritime Industry

Mallouppas¹,

Ioannou²,

Yfantis³

2022

Energies

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This review paper examines the key barriers to using green ammonia as an alternative fuel in maritime industry. A literature survey is performed based on research articles and grey literature, with the aim of discussing the technoeconomic problems with and benefits of ammonia and the relevant technologies. The limitations of ammonia as a maritime fuel and its supply chain, the expected percentage demand by 2030 and 2050, its economic performance compared to other shipping fuels such as hydrogen, and the current regulations that may impact ammonia as a maritime fuel are discussed. There are several key barriers to ammonia’s wide adoption: (1) High production costs, due to the high capital costs associated with ammonia’s supply chain; (2) availability, specifically the limited geographical locations available for ammonia bunkering; (3) the challenge of ramping up current ammonia production; and (4) the development of ammonia-specific regulations addressing issues such as toxicity, safety, and storage. The general challenges involved with blue ammonia are the large energy penalty and associated operational costs, and a lack of technical expertise on its use. Regardless of the origin, for ammonia to be truly zero-carbon its whole lifecycle must be considered—a key challenge that will aid in the debate about whether ammonia holds promise as a zero-carbon maritime fuel.

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“…The energy transition towards lowcarbon energy calls for a changeover period, meaning gradual decarbonization through gasification [1,2] (in the first stage) followed by reducing the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) in favor of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar energy, biomass and biogas (in the second stage). At this point, it is worth emphasizing that decarbonization is a broad concept and applies not only to energy [3], but also technology [4][5][6][7][8], economy and politics [9][10][11][12]. It is believed that within the next decade or two the use of natural gas for the production of electrical energy in Poland will increase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The North-South Gas Corridor in the Context of Poland’s Gas Transmission System—A Perfect Opportunity to Diversify Gas Resources

Hebda

2021

Energies

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The energy sector in Poland is currently calling for dynamic redevelopment and cleaner energy. This country is world famous for its high level of coal production, from which it does not want to retreat in the next two decades. For this reason, it is safer to gradually reduce the use of coal while increasing the consumption of gas and simultaneously developing green energy. However, the Polish gas sector is still dependent on Russian gas supplied through the Yamal gas pipeline. Taking into consideration Polish geopolitics, this state of affairs poses a huge challenge and a threat to Poland’s energy security. That is why the concept of the North-South Gas Corridor was introduced. It is intended to be a network of gas pipelines that connect the countries of Central and South Europe to two gas terminals (in Poland and Croatia), which will supply gas from a chosen source. This article presents the current condition of the gas sector in Poland. It focuses on the North-South Gas Corridor project and its impact on the energy security of Poland. An analysis of documents and field research shows that the North-South Gas Corridor provides Poland with an opportunity to diversify the sources and directions of gas supply over the next few years.

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Decarbonization in Shipping Industry: A Review of Research, Technology Development, and Innovation Proposals

Cited by 155 publications

References 83 publications

Possibilities of Ammonia as Both Fuel and NOx Reductant in Marine Engines: A Numerical Study

Possibilities of Ammonia as Both Fuel and NOx Reductant in Marine Engines: A Numerical Study

A Review of the Latest Trends in the Use of Green Ammonia as an Energy Carrier in Maritime Industry

The North-South Gas Corridor in the Context of Poland’s Gas Transmission System—A Perfect Opportunity to Diversify Gas Resources

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