Decarbonising the iron and steel industries: Production of carbon-negative direct reduced iron by using biosyngas

Zaini, Ilman Nuran; Nurdiawati, Anissa; Gustavsson, John; Wei, Wenjing; Thunman, Henrik; Gyllenram, Rutger; Samuelsson, Peter; Yang, Weihong

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116806

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Thereby we can not only reduce the steel industry's carbon footprint but also contribute to solve a waste problem and support a circular economy, but also create a carbon sink. In general, the use of biomass as a reducing agent is of interest as it can create even a "carbon sink", i.e., providing a resulting carbon footprint that is below zero [17].…”

Section: Dri and Eafmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways towards full use of hydrogen as reductant and fuel

von Schéele

2023

Matériaux & Techniques

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The transition to a green steel making is a journey over decades that involves many technologies and pathways, in most scenarios with the use of hydrogen − both as reductant and as fuel − as the endgame. The paper describes a general pathway to decarbonisation including increased energy efficiency, use of low carbon fuels, carbon capture, and use of clean hydrogen as reductant and fuel. The possibilities for developing a greener blast furnace process as a short-term solution, is discussed. Combinations like direct reduced iron production with carbon capture using a gasified waste or biomass, could be a mid-term solution at some steel mills. Dependent on location-specific conditions some technologies, like use of hydrogen as fuel in reheating, is coming into use already now, whilst in other areas in near- and mid-term there will be intermediate solutions applied. Development of hydrogen production technologies is briefly described. Challenges for the transition are found not only within the steel industry itself, but also, e.g., in supply of renewable power and suitable iron ores. Moreover, potential supply chain integrations and impact of geographical dislocations are discussed. Overall, it is important to apply an integrated approach with clear milestones for the chosen pathway, where existing assets like blast furnaces are transformed into a lower carbon footprint operation applying technologies that also can be used in the subsequent transition, e.g., use of coke oven gas for producing direct reduced iron that is charged into blast furnaces where carbon capture is applied, or changing into more energy-efficient combustion systems that are ready for use of hydrogen when viably available.

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Section: Dri and Eafmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways towards full use of hydrogen as reductant and fuel

von Schéele

2023

Matériaux & Techniques

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“…Dependence on fossil fuels is a significant challenge in developing more environmentally friendly and sustainable technologies in the steel industry. Many previous works reported that using biomass, charcoal, , and hydrogen , as a source of reducing agents is a promising approach to achieving further emission reductions in the steel sector. Using biomass or charcoal as an alternative substitute for nonrenewable fuels such as coke, coal oil, and natural gas can be an innovative solution to drive a clean technology transition in iron steelmaking …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Evolution and Phase Transformation of Iron Produced from the Sustainable Carbothermic Reduction Process of High-Pressure Acid Leaching Residue

Setiawan,

Harjanto,

Kawigraha

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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This paper describes the microstructure evolution and phase transformation of residue from the lateritic nickel ore high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL) during carbothermic reduction using palm kernel shell (PKS) charcoal as a reductant. The study consisted of thermodynamic calculations combined with analysis of reduction experiments. The thermodynamic assessment predicted that the main phases formed during the reduction process were γ-Fe metal, liquid metal, slag, and spinel, with abundance of reducing gas (CO and H2) at the temperature range of 750–1500 °C. The experimental study shows that the resulting product upon cooling was sponge iron or direct reduced iron when HPAL residue-PKS charcoal composites were reacted up to 1400 °C for 45 min. The sponge iron had an average apparent density of 5.8 ± 0.1 g/cm3 and a 90.8 ± 0.4% metallization degree. The microstructure analysis revealed that as the reduction time was increased, small iron nuggets began forming on the surface of the reduced product. By addition of Na2CO3, the separation of iron nuggets from slag appeared to be improved, hence enhancing the overall reduction process. Furthermore, iron nuggets’ highest apparent density and metallization degree were obtained at 7 ± 0.1 g/cm3 and 98 ± 0.5%, respectively, when adding Na2CO3 of 6 wt %. The phase and microstructure analyses also revealed that the iron nuggets comprised coarse pearlite, eutectic cementite, ledeburite, and sulfides. Thus, this study offers alternative sustainable process conditions for simultaneously handling the HPAL residue using PKS waste to produce metallic iron.

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