Debt and depression

Bridges, Sarah; Disney, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.02.003

Cited by 236 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However it might also be that those who are depressed are more prone to debt due to greater levels of unemployment or poor financial management. The studies which are longitudinal generally are less likely to have standardised measures of health ( Bridges & Disney, 2010;Caputo, 2012;Keese & Schmitz, 2012;Webley & Nyhus, 2001). Thus more longitudinal research using standardised measures are needed to examine relationships across time between debt and health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clark et al, 2012;Finlay-Jones & Eckhardt, 1984;Hintikka et al, 2008;Jenkins et al, 2008;Meltzer et al, 2013;Patel et al, 1998. 2 Besler & Stallones, 2008Bridges & Disney, 2010;Kaji et al, 2010;Stuhldreher et al, 20073 Chan et al, 2009Chen et al, 2006;Wong et al, 2008;Wong et al, 2010. 4 Chan et al, 2009Chen et al, 2006;Hintikka et al, 2008;Wong et al, 2008;Wong et al, 2010.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brown, et al (2005) found a dose-response effect with more debts increasing risk further, whilst Bridges and Disney (2010) found no such effect. (Caputo, 2012) found those in debt were more likely to have physical health problems, whilst Webley and Nyhus (2001) reported more smoking, alcohol use, and greater risk of obesity.…”

Section: Panel Surveysmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…(Caputo, 2012) found those in debt were more likely to have physical health problems, whilst Webley and Nyhus (2001) reported more smoking, alcohol use, and greater risk of obesity. Subjective views of debts were found to be important, with subjective stress about debt being more important than objective measures of debt (Bridges & Disney, 2010), and believing finances will get worse predicting poor mental health (Brown, et al, 2005).…”

Section: Panel Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Debt levels are greater in poorer families (Wagmiller, 2003), and traditional measures of SES such as income and education levels are related to level of debt (Bridges & Disney, 2010), suggesting that debt may explain some of the relationships between SES and health. In addition, levels of debt have increased dramatically in recent years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Richardson

Elliott

Roberts

2013

Clinical Psychology Review

347

278

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This paper systematically reviews the relationship between personal unsecured debt and health. Psychinfo, Embase and Medline were searched and 52 papers were accepted. A hand and citedby search produced an additional 13 references leading to 65 papers in total. Panel surveys, nationally representative epidemiological surveys and psychological autopsy studies have examined the relationship, as have studies on specific populations such as university students, debt management clients and older adults. Most studies examined relationships with mental health and depression in particular. Studies of physical health have also shown a relationship with self-rated health and outcomes such as obesity. There is also a strong relationship with suicide completion, and relationships with drug and alcohol abuse. The majority of studies found that more severe debt is related to worse health; however causality is hard to establish. A meta-analysis of pooled odds ratios showed a significant relationship between debt and mental disorder (OR=3.24), depression (OR=2.77), suicide completion (OR=7.9), suicide completion or attempt (OR=5.76), problem drinking (OR=2.68), drug dependence (OR=8.57), neurotic disorder (OR=3.21) and psychotic disorders (OR=4.03). There was no significant relationship with smoking (OR=1.35, p>.05). Future longitudinal research is needed to determine causality and establish potential mechanisms and mediators of the relationship.Dr Bellack, Please find attached a response to the reviewer's comments and an amended manuscript. We hope that these changes address the concerns raised, and the paper can now be accepted for -This relationship is especially strong for mental health in particular depression.-There are also relationships with substance use and suicide.-Research suffers from inconsistent use of standardised measures.-A lack of longitudinal studies makes it difficult to demonstrate causality. *Highlights (for review)We would like to thank the reviewer for their detailed comments. In relation to these we have made the following changes, which have all been marked in the main manuscript via track changes:-We have now clarified in the title, abstract, introduction, discussion and highlights that this examines personal unsecured debt specifically.-In the Method, Search Procedure we have changed "Classes" into "Classed" -In Appendix B (Characteristics of Panel Surveys) we have added "years" to 4-6. The formatting of the tables meant that some words were cut off: this has now been corrected for all the tables.-Page 17, fifth line of first paragraph, "self-related" has been changed to "self-rated." -Page 19, second paragraph, a new paragraph has been started after the line beginning "The advantage." -Page 20, first line of second paragraph, "somewhat unclear" has been changed to "unclear".-Page 21, second paragraph, the first line has been amended to specify about "personal, unsecured debt".-Page 5: more detail has been added to justify why studies on secured loans and mortgage debt were excluded.-Resul...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%