Deaths in Children and Adolescents Associated With COVID-19 and MIS-C in the United States

McCormick, David W.; Richardson, L. C.; Young, Paul R.; Viens, Laura; Gould, Carolyn V.; Kimball, Anne; Pindyck, Talia; Rosenblum, Hannah G.; Siegel, David A.; Quan, Vu Minh; Komatsu, Ken; Venkat, Heather; Openshaw, John J.; Kawasaki, Breanna; Siniscalchi, Alan; Gumke, Megan; Leapley, Andrea; Tobin-D’Angelo, Melissa; Kauerauf, Judy; Reid, Heather; White, Kelly; Ahmed, Farah; Richardson, Gillian; Hand, Julie; Kirkey, Kim; Larson, Linnea; Byers, Paul; Garcia, Ali; Ojo, Mojisola; Zamcheck, Ariela; Lash, Maura K.; Lee, Ellen H.; Reilly, Kathleen H.; Wilson, Erica; Fijter, Sietske de; Naqvi, Ozair; Harduar‐Morano, Laurel; Burch, Anna‐Kathryn; Lewis, Adele; Kolsin, Jonathan; Pont, Stephen J.; Barbeau, Bree; Bixler, Danae; Reagan‐Steiner, Sarah; Koumans, Emilia H.

doi:10.1542/peds.2021-052273

Cited by 70 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“… 7 Even in the United States, deaths are more frequent among the most vulnerable populations. 28 In Brazil, it is no different. In this study, mortality was 2-3-fold higher than those reported in the United States and Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection in Brazilian children

Hendler

Lago

Müller

et al. 2021

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection in Brazilian children

Hendler

Lago

Müller

et al. 2021

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…45 However, several authors reported case series of deceased pediatric patients. McCormick et al 46 reported 112 deaths, with a median age of 17 years (range 0-21 years): 63% were male, and 86% of patients presented with at least one of the following conditions: obesity (42%), asthma (29%), and developmental disorders (22%). Similarly, Bixler et al 47 reported 121 deaths in patients under 21 years old: only 30 (25%) were patients otherwise healthy, whereas 91 (75%) patients had at least one comorbidity, and 54 (45%) had two or more comorbidities: asthma (28%), obesity (27%), neurologic and developmental conditions (22%), cardiovascular diseases (18%), cancer or immune system disorder (14%) and diabetes mellitus (9.1%).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Infection and Covid-19 In Children Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19 in Children and Adolescent: Characteristics and Specificities in Immunocompetent and Oncohematological Patients

Mercolini¹,

Cesaro²

2022

Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis

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SARS-CoV-2 pandemic affected less children and adolescents, morbidity and mortality figures being inferior to that reported for adults. In this review we focused on the clinical course, risk factors for severe COVID-19, mortality, treatment options and prevention measures in the pediatric and adolescent setting with special attention to the pediatric oncohematological patients. In this subgroups of patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection was often asyntomatic but 47 to 68% of patients require hospitalization and 9-10% of those hospitalized needed intensive care with a COVID-19 attributable mortality of about 4%. The multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated to Coronavirus 2019 was less frequent than that reported in the non-oncohematological pediatric population. Noteworthy, the course of COVID-19 was more severe in low-middle income countries. The key measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection are the reduction of patients exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination, now available fore care givers and parents and for patients and siblings > 12 years old. The treatment of COVID-19 in pediatric patients was mainly based on supportive care with dexamethasone and heparin prophylaxis for severely ill patients. Other measures, such as convalescent plasma, remdesivir and monoclonal antibodies have been used in limited case or within experimental protocols. Further studies are needed on the risk factors and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric immunocompromised patients.

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“…Children with underlying diseases show higher risk for severe manifestations of COVID-19. 9 10 11 12 13 19 21 Recent studies in children have identified type 1 diabetes, obesity, cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies, epilepsy and convulsions, neurodevelopmental disorders, type 2 diabetes, other chronic complex diseases and prematurity in children < 2 years as high risk of need for hospitalization or severe COVID-19. 11 12 13 Among various risk factors, diabetes mellitus is identified as a high risk for hospitalization and severe COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 7 8 9 Among age groups in children, admission rates are highest in 0–4 years of age followed by 12–17 years and lowest among children 5–11 years of age, 8 whereas mortality has been reported in younger (0–2 years) or older age groups (12–19 years). 10 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Critical COVID-19 Cases Among Children in Korea

et al. 2022

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Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is generally asymptomatic or mild in otherwise healthy children, however, severe cases may occur. In this study, we report the clinical characteristics of children classified as critical COVID-19 in Korea to provide further insights into risk factors and management in children. Methods This study was a retrospective case series of children < 18 years of age classified as critical COVID-19. Cases were identified by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency surveillance system and medical records were reviewed. Critical COVID-19 was defined as cases with severe illness requiring noninvasive (high flow nasal cannula, continuous positive airway pressure, or bilevel positive airway pressure) or invasive mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), between January 20, 2020 and October 7, 2021. Results Among 39,146 cases diagnosed with COVID-19 in subjects < 18 years of age, eight cases (0.02%) were identified as critical COVID-19. The median age was 13 years (range 10 month–17 years) and male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Three children had underlying diseases; one child has asthma and major depressive disorder, one child had Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and one child had mental retardation and was newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus with the diagnosis of COVID-19. Among the eight children, seven were obese (body mass index range [BMI] median 29.3, range 25.9–38.2, weight-for-length > 97% for infant) and one was overweight (BMI 21.3). All patients had fever, six patients had dyspnea or cough and other accompanied symptoms included sore throat, headache, lethargy and myalgia. Radiologic findings showed pneumonia within 1–8 days after symptom onset. Pneumonia progressed in these children for 2–6 days and was improved within 5–32 days after diagnosis. Among the eight critical cases, remdesivir was administered in six cases. Steroids were provided for all cases. Inotropics were administered in one case. Six cases were treated with noninvasive mechanical ventilator and three required mechanical ventilator. One case required ECMO due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. All cases were admitted to the intensive care unit and admission period ranged from 9–39 days. Among all critical COVID-19 cases < 18 years of age, there were no fatal cases. Conclusion To develop appropriate policies for children in the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to monitor and assess the clinical burden in this population.

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Deaths in Children and Adolescents Associated With COVID-19 and MIS-C in the United States

Cited by 70 publications

References 39 publications

Risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection in Brazilian children

Risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection in Brazilian children

Covid-19 in Children and Adolescent: Characteristics and Specificities in Immunocompetent and Oncohematological Patients

Analysis of Critical COVID-19 Cases Among Children in Korea

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