Deaths among Wild Birds during Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Outbreak, the Netherlands

Kleyheeg, Erik; Slaterus, Roy; Bodewes, Rogier; Rijks, Jolianne M.; Spierenburg, Marcel; Beerens, Nancy; Kelder, Leon; Poen, Marjolein J; Stegeman, Jan Arend; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Kuiken, Thijs; Jeugd, Henk P. van der

doi:10.3201/eid2312.171086

Cited by 90 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…We plotted the geographic locations where the HPAI H5N8 virus was detected (Figure 1, panel A). Tufted ducks were the most affected bird species in November and Eurasian wigeons ( Anas penelope ) in December ( 21 ). However, many species of wild birds became infected, including diving and dabbling ducks as well as mute swans, grebes, gulls, and buzzards ( 21 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tufted ducks were the most affected bird species in November and Eurasian wigeons ( Anas penelope ) in December ( 21 ). However, many species of wild birds became infected, including diving and dabbling ducks as well as mute swans, grebes, gulls, and buzzards ( 21 ). An HPAI virus of subtype H5N5 was detected in 2 birds, a tufted duck found dead near Monnickendam, and a mute swan near Groningen.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple Reassorted Viruses as Cause of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Epidemic, the Netherlands, 2016

Beerens¹,

Heutink²,

Bergervoet³

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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106

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In 2016, an epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N8 in the Netherlands caused mass deaths among wild birds, and several commercial poultry farms and captive bird holdings were affected. We performed complete genome sequencing to study the relationship between the wild bird and poultry viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses are related to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses detected in Russia in May 2016 but contained novel polymerase basic 2 and nucleoprotein gene segments and 2 different variants of the polymerase acidic segment. Molecular dating suggests that the reassortment events most likely occurred in wild birds in Russia or Mongolia. Furthermore, 2 genetically distinct H5N5 reassortant viruses were detected in wild birds in the Netherlands. Our study provides evidence for fast and continuing reassortment of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, which might lead to rapid changes in virus characteristics, such as pathogenicity, infectivity, transmission, and zoonotic potential.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Reassorted Viruses as Cause of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Epidemic, the Netherlands, 2016

Beerens¹,

Heutink²,

Bergervoet³

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

Self Cite

106

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“…H5N6 viruses may have been less prevalent than H5N8 viruses in the wild bird population, or the exposure to H5N8 viruses in the previous year may have resulted in immunological protection against infection with H5N6 virus. Furthermore, early in the H5N8 2016 epidemic, the virus was mainly detected in migratory water birds (tufted ducks and Eurasian wigeons), whereas later in the epidemic also birds of prey were infected (Kleyheeg et al., ). These predators were most likely infected by feeding on infected preys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic relationship between poultry and wild bird viruses during the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 epidemic in the Netherlands, 2017–2018

Beerens

Heutink

Pritz‐Verschuren

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryIn the Netherlands, three commercial poultry farms and two hobby holdings were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 virus in the winter of 2017–2018. This H5N6 virus is a reassortant of HPAI H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 group B viruses detected in Eurasia in 2016. H5N6 viruses were also detected in several dead wild birds during the winter. However, wild bird mortality was limited compared to the caused by the H5N8 group B virus in 2016–2017. H5N6 virus was not detected in wild birds after March, but in late summer infected wild birds were found again. In this study, the complete genome sequences of poultry and wild bird viruses were determined to study their genetic relationship. Genetic analysis showed that the outbreaks in poultry were not the result of farm‐to‐farm transmissions, but rather resulted from separate introductions from wild birds. Wild birds infected with viruses related to the first outbreak in poultry were found at short distances from the farm, within a short time frame. However, no wild bird viruses related to outbreaks 2 and 3 were detected. The H5N6 virus isolated in summer shares a common ancestor with the virus detected in outbreak 1. This suggests long‐term circulation of H5N6 virus in the local wild bird population. In addition, the pathogenicity of H5N6 virus in ducks was determined, and compared to that of H5N8 viruses detected in 2014 and 2016. A similar high pathogenicity was measured for H5N6 and H5N8 group B viruses, suggesting that biological or ecological factors in the wild bird population may have affected the mortality rates during the H5N6 epidemic. These observations suggest different infection dynamics for the H5N6 and H5N8 group B viruses in the wild bird population.

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“…Kleyheeg et al (2017) also described clinical signs in wild birds thought to be infected with HPAIV A(H5N8). Assuming that no migration occurred, it was estimated that up to 25% of the local population of tufted ducks might have died, which might affect population dynamics substantially.…”

Section: Pathogenicity In the Affected Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kleyheeg et al (2017) reported on wild bird mortality during a HPAIV A(H5N8) outbreak in the Netherlands, starting in November 2016. Kleyheeg et al (2017) reported on wild bird mortality during a HPAIV A(H5N8) outbreak in the Netherlands, starting in November 2016.…”

Section: Pathogenicity In the Affected Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview September – November 2017

Brown¹,

Kuiken²,

Mulatti³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Deaths among Wild Birds during Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Outbreak, the Netherlands

Cited by 90 publications

References 11 publications

Multiple Reassorted Viruses as Cause of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Epidemic, the Netherlands, 2016

Multiple Reassorted Viruses as Cause of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Epidemic, the Netherlands, 2016

Genetic relationship between poultry and wild bird viruses during the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 epidemic in the Netherlands, 2017–2018

Avian influenza overview September – November 2017

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