Dealing with homoplasy: osteology and phylogenetic relationships of the bizarre neobatrachian frog<i>Baurubatrachus pricei</i>from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil

Báez, Ana María; Gómez, Raúl O.

doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1287130

Cited by 35 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Hyperossification is common in anuran fossils (possibly because hyperossified elements are more likely to be preserved in the fossil record) and is present in putative archeobatrachians, mesobatrachians, and neobatrachians (58). Identifying the phylogenetic placement of these fossil taxa is challenging because the material is often fragmentary, and hyperossification seems to result in artificial groupings based on homoplastic features (44,59,60), despite the differences in shape identified across hyperossified species in our study. Our results corroborate these previous findings: Hyperossification likely has evolved multiple times across crown-group anurans, leading to increased rates of shape evolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Additionally, many distantly related hyperossified lineages have converged on similar extreme skull shapes that may be linked to particular functions or behaviors. Including a broad taxonomic sample, using a molecular scaffold tree, conducting sensitivity analyses, and excluding or down-weighting characters possibly linked to hyperossification may eliminate some of these issues of homoplasy, but taxonomic uncertainty of these fossils will likely remain (60). Our framework will be useful in subsequent paleobiological studies of fossil frogs, especially when the 3D structure of the skull is recoverable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of hyperossification expands skull diversity in frogs

Paluh

Stanley

Blackburn

2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Frogs (Anura) are one of the most diverse vertebrate orders, comprising more than 7,000 species with a worldwide distribution and extensive ecological diversity. In contrast to other tetrapods, frogs have a highly derived body plan and simplified skull. In many lineages of anurans, increased mineralization has led to hyperossified skulls, but the function of this trait and its relationship with other aspects of head morphology are largely unexplored. Using three-dimensional morphological data from 158 species representing all frog families, we assessed wide-scale patterns of shape variation across all major lineages, reconstructed the evolutionary history of cranial hyperossification across the anuran phylogeny, and tested for relationships between ecology, skull shape, and hyperossification. Although many frogs share a conserved skull shape, several extreme forms have repeatedly evolved that commonly are associated with hyperossification, which has evolved independently more than 25 times. Variation in cranial shape is not explained by phylogenetic relatedness but is correlated with shifts in body size and ecology. The species with highly divergent, hyperossified skulls often have a specialized diet or a unique predator defense mechanism. Thus, the evolution of hyperossification has repeatedly facilitated the expansion of the head into multiple new shapes and functions.Anura | cranium | dermal ornamentation | geometric morphometrics | microcomputed tomography I dentifying the factors that drive evolutionary changes in the heads of vertebrates has been a long-standing challenge because of the difficulties of sampling taxa broadly, quantifying complex morphologies, and identifying possible mechanisms responsible for generating macroevolutionary patterns. The diverse selective pressures proposed to drive extreme derivations in the skull include specializations in feeding biology (1), habitat use (2), and locomotion (3). Sexual selection also is thought to influence head morphology because the skull often is sexually dimorphic in size and shape (4, 5). The interactions among these selective pressures can result in functional trade-offs (6) that shape the head as an integrated system that must house the sensory organs, capture prey, provide protection, and partake in locomotion and reproduction (7). The nonadaptive mechanisms of architectural constraint (i.e., allometry; ref. 8) and phylogenetic conservatism (9) also have been invoked to explain morphological variation within and across lineages, particularly in cases in which extreme shifts are absent. The diversification of the skull usually results from changes in size or shape of preexisting elements or the loss of bones (10), but the origin of novel structures also may be responsible for shifts in morphology (11).Increased mineralization or hyperossification of the skull is a recurrent feature among vertebrates; it also is known as dermal ornamentation (12,13). In its most rudimentary form, additional membrane bone is deposited on the skeleton to form ridges and...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of hyperossification expands skull diversity in frogs

Paluh

Stanley

Blackburn

2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The morphology of the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex was represented by the discrete characters concerning the sacrum, urostyle, and pelvic girdle used by Gómez (2016) in his phylogenetic analyses of pipoid frogs, with the addition of three characters of the urostyle that were recently considered in the phylogenetic analysis of Báez and Gómez (2018). Also, several character states were added to incorporate the morphology exhibited by anuran taxa that have not been included in the analysis of Gómez (2016).…”

Section: Character Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fossils Reveal Long-Term Continuous and Parallel Innovation in the Sacro-Caudo-Pelvic Complex of the Highly Aquatic Pipid Frogs

Gómez

Pérez-Ben

2019

Front. Earth Sci.

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Within the already peculiar Bauplan of anurans, pipid frogs have evolved an array of bizarre features that are commonly linked to their highly aquatic lifestyle. Among the latter, there are several distinctive sacro-caudo-pelvic features shared by extant pipids, which have been regarded as evolutionary novelties taking part of a specialized foreaft-sliding ilio-sacral joint. Pipids and their kin (pipimorphs) have a rich fossil record documenting 130 million years of uninterrupted evolution in aquatic environments, which, along with our current understanding of their phylogeny and recently available musculoskeletal data, allows us to inquire on the patterns and processes that have led to their distinctive sacro-caudo-pelvic system with a deep-time perspective. Here, we take a phylomorphospace approach based on discrete character matrices and a scaffold tree derived from recent studies, making comparisons of morphospace occupation between pipids and other anurans, and morphospace occupation, disparity, levels of homoplasy, and shared evolving characters between different groups and/or over time across pipimorphs. In doing so, we focus on trends of morphological diversification and discuss the potential role that ecological and developmental constraints might have had in driving the evolution of the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex of pipid frogs. Our main findings reveal a pattern of continuous and parallel innovation early in the history of pipids, followed by arrested evolution of novel morphologies toward the Recent. The latter, in turn, is mirrored by rampant homoplasy in the ilio-sacral sliding joint among extant pipid frogs. This study highlights the importance of fossils in revealing macroevolutionary patterns that will be otherwise veiled based on neontological data alone.

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“…The morphology of the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex was represented by the discrete characters concerning the sacrum, urostyle, and pelvic girdle used by Gómez (2016) in his phylogenetic analyses of pipoid frogs, with the addition of three characters of the urostyle recently considered in the phylogenetic analysis of Báez and Gómez (2018). Also, several character states were added in order to incorporate the morphology exhibited by anuran taxa that have not been included in the analysis of Gómez (2016).…”

Section: Character Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The complete data matrix consists of 34 characters (8 of the sacrum; 5 of the urostyle; 21 of the pelvic girdle) scored for 49 and 95 terminal taxa, in its non-expanded and expanded versions, respectively (for character list and data matrix see Supplementary Material). It is noteworthy that most of these characters, although with some modifications, have also been considered by Báez and Gómez (2018) in their phylogenetic analysis focused on neobatrachians. We are confident that this data matrix is also reliable for our present aims, since it is inclusive regarding characters of the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex, disrespecting if they are invariable across pipoids or their variation is restricted to autapomorphies (see Lloyd, 2016).…”

Section: Character Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fossils reveal long-term continuous and parallel innovation in the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex of the highly aquatic pipid frogs

Gómez¹,

Pérez-Ben²

2018

Preprint

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Within the already peculiar Bauplan of anurans, pipid frogs have evolved an array of bizarre features that are commonly linked to their highly aquatic lifestyle. Among the latter, there are several distinctive sacro-caudo-pelvic features shared by extant pipids, which have been regarded as evolutionary novelties taking part of a specialized fore-aft-sliding ilio-sacral joint. Pipids and their kin have a rich fossil record documenting 130 million years of uninterrupted evolution in aquatic environments, which, along with our current understanding of their phylogeny and recently available musculoskeletal data, allows us to inquire on the patterns and processes that have led to their distinctive sacro-caudo-pelvic system with a deep-time perspective. Here, we take a phylomorphospace approach based on discrete character matrices and a scaffold tree derived from recent studies, making comparisons of morphospace occupation between pipids and other anurans, and morphospace occupation, disparity, levels of homoplasy, and shared evolving characters between different groups and/or over time across the pipid lineage. In doing so, we focus on trends of morphological diversification and discuss the potential role that ecological and developmental constraints might have had in driving the evolution of the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex of pipid frogs. Our main findings reveal a pattern of continuous and parallel innovation early in the history of pipids followed by arrested evolution towards the Recent. The latter, in turn, is mirrored by rampant homoplasy in the ilio-sacral sliding joint among extant pipid frogs. This study highlights the importance of fossils in revealing macroevolutionary patterns that will be otherwise veiled based on neontological data alone.

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Dealing with homoplasy: osteology and phylogenetic relationships of the bizarre neobatrachian frogBaurubatrachus priceifrom the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil

Cited by 35 publications

References 54 publications

Evolution of hyperossification expands skull diversity in frogs

Evolution of hyperossification expands skull diversity in frogs

Fossils Reveal Long-Term Continuous and Parallel Innovation in the Sacro-Caudo-Pelvic Complex of the Highly Aquatic Pipid Frogs

Fossils reveal long-term continuous and parallel innovation in the sacro-caudo-pelvic complex of the highly aquatic pipid frogs

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