Deacidification of soybean oil by membrane technology

Abstract

After extracting free fatty acids (FFA) from a model crude vegetable oil with methanol, FFA were separated from methanol by nanofiltration. Of the several commercially available membranes that were evaluated, the best resulted in FFA rejection of >90% and flux of >25 Lm -2 h -1. A combination of high-rejection and low-rejection membranes resulted in a retentate stream of 35% FFA and a permeate stream with less than 0.04% FFA, which can be recycled to the extractor. No alkali is required, no soapstock is formed, and almost all streams within the membrane process are recycled with little discharged as effluent.JAOCS 73, 219-224 (1996).

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in heat-treated vegetable oils

“…The total number of points (N) for three factors (k) was 13 (N >= k 2 + k + 1). Sixteen experiments were carried out, the 13th assay was performed at the centre of the experimental domain and was repeated three times [14][15][16] in order to estimate the residual variance (Table 2).…”

“…Up until now, enzymatic methods for concentration of n-3 fatty acids have been used and several lipases have been studied and optimised in a number of reactions (hydrolysis, esterification, transesterification) [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Membrane filtration has proven valuable for the deacidification and degumming of oil, and is also a promising means for the separation and concentration of oils and fats [13][14][15][16][17][18]. …”

“…The total number of points (N) for three factors (k) was 13 (N >= k 2 + k + 1). Sixteen experiments were carried out, the 13th assay was performed at the centre of the experimental domain and was repeated three times [14][15][16] in order to estimate the residual variance (Table 2).A full quadratic model containing 10 coefficients including the interaction terms was assumed to describe the relationships between responses, namely DH (Y1), % of saturated fatty acids in the permeate after filtration (Y2), % of PUFAs in the permeate after filtration (Y3) and experimental factors (X1, X2, X3):Where êta k refers to the dependent variables; beta 0 is the constant coefficient; X i are the coded independent variables; beta i are the linear coefficients, beta ij are the second-order interaction coefficients and beta ii are the quadratic coefficients. Results are valid within the experimental domain.…”

Separation of Fatty Acids From Palm Oil Using Organic Solvent Nanofiltration

“…Some researchers used coupled extraction and membrane separation for fatty acid extraction from vegetable oil. For example, methanol was used to extract free fatty acids from soybean oil, where recovery the methanol was done using nanofiltration [3]. In addition, Kale et al uses methanol to extract free fatty acids from rice bran oil, and then to concentrate the free fatty acids and recover the methanol using reverse osmosis membranes [4].…”

Solvent recovery from soybean oil/n-butane mixtures using a hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane

“…Among the main effects of pretreatment we can point out the effect of clustering in hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites in the surface layer of the membrane (Hilal et al, 2004); removal of preservatives, wetting of the membrane surface and pores (Raman et al, 1996;Ribeiro et al, 2006); and improvement of the permeate flux, without significantly affecting the rejection (Arora et al, 2006;Marenchino et al, 2006). Organic solvents can be used to improve the polarity of the membrane (the membrane becomes more polar or nonpolar) (Marenchino et al, 2006) or to prevent pore closing in some membranes when they are placed in contact with a mixture of hydrocarbons (García et al, 2006).…”