De novo assembled salivary gland transcriptome and expression pattern analyses for Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neuman, 1897 male and female ticks

Pienaar, Ronel; Klerk, Daniel G. de; Castro, Minique H. de; Featherston, Jonathan; Mans, Ben J.

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80454-3

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Adult females require a blood meal as a rich source of heme for producing viable eggs, and many adult males require a blood meal to produce viable sperm [39,51]. In at least two tick species, males and females have different salivary protein profiles [52][53][54], although it has not been investigated if this impacts viral transmission.…”

Section: Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host

Schneider

Calvo

Peterson

2021

IJMS

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Arthropod-borne viruses, referred to collectively as arboviruses, infect millions of people worldwide each year and have the potential to cause severe disease. They are predominately transmitted to humans through blood-feeding behavior of three main groups of biting arthropods: ticks, mosquitoes, and sandflies. The pathogens harbored by these blood-feeding arthropods (BFA) are transferred to animal hosts through deposition of virus-rich saliva into the skin. Sometimes these infections become systemic and can lead to neuro-invasion and life-threatening viral encephalitis. Factors intrinsic to the arboviral vectors can greatly influence the pathogenicity and virulence of infections, with mounting evidence that BFA saliva and salivary proteins can shift the trajectory of viral infection in the host. This review provides an overview of arbovirus infection and ways in which vectors influence viral pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on how saliva and salivary gland extracts from the three dominant arbovirus vectors impact the trajectory of the cellular immune response to arbovirus infection in the skin.

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Section: Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host

Schneider

Calvo

Peterson

2021

IJMS

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“…The paired end reads were merged to produce a merged dataset (Merged), while the single reads were used as unpaired (Single) and to produce a single-merged dataset (SM). Duplicates were also removed from these datasets to produce three duplicate removed datasets (Mddup, Sddup, and SMddup;Pienaar et al, 2021). These datasets were used to assemble the transcriptome using Trinity v2.4.0 and CLC Genomics Workbench v 20.0.…”

Section: Transcriptome Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic Analysis of Salivary Glands of Ornithodoros brasiliensis Aragão, 1923, the Agent of a Neotropical Tick-Toxicosis Syndrome in Humans

Reck¹,

Webster²,

Dall’Agnol³

et al. 2021

Front. Physiol.

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Tick salivary glands produce and secrete a variety of compounds that modulate host responses and ensure a successful blood meal. Despite great progress made in the identification of ticks salivary compounds in recent years, there is still a paucity of information concerning salivary molecules of Neotropical argasid ticks. Among this group of ticks, considering the number of human cases of parasitism, including severe syndromes and hospitalization, Ornithodoros brasiliensis can be considered one of the major Neotropical argasid species with impact in public health. Here, we describe the transcriptome analysis of O. brasiliensis salivary glands (ObSG). The transcriptome yielded ~14,957 putative contigs. A total of 368 contigs were attributed to secreted proteins (SP), which represent approximately 2.5% of transcripts but ~53% expression coverage transcripts per million. Lipocalins are the major protein family among the most expressed SP, accounting for ~16% of the secretory transcripts and 51% of secretory protein abundance. The most expressed transcript is an ortholog of TSGP4 (tick salivary gland protein 4), a lipocalin first identified in Ornithodoros kalahariensis that functions as a leukotriene C4 scavenger. A total of 55 lipocalin transcripts were identified in ObSG. Other transcripts potentially involved in tick-host interaction included as: basic/acid tail secretory proteins (second most abundant expressed group), serine protease inhibitors (including Kunitz inhibitors), 5' nucleotidases (tick apyrases), phospholipase A2, 7 disulfide bond domain, cystatins, and tick antimicrobial peptides. Another abundant group of proteins in ObSG is metalloproteases. Analysis of these major protein groups suggests that several duplication events after speciation were responsible for the abundance of redundant compounds in tick salivary glands. A full mitochondrial genome could be assembled from the transcriptome data and confirmed the close genetic identity of the tick strain sampled in the current study, to a tick strain previously implicated in tick toxicoses. This study provides novel information on the molecular composition of ObSG, a Brazilian endemic tick associated with several human cases of parasitism. These results could be helpful in the understanding of clinical findings observed in bitten patients, and also, could provide more information on the evolution of Neotropical argasids.

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“…These salivary modulations could be pathogen directed and favorable to the vector host in order to co-exist and benefit each other from this long-term relationship. There are several studies including transcriptomics/proteomics and sialomics, with evidence that tick-transmitted pathogens manipulate the salivary/saliva components to facilitate their transmission, evade host defense reactions and survive in the vertebrate host [35][36][37][38][39][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] . Our findings revealed that tick exosomes are salivary/saliva components and that they do facilitate pathogen transmission to the vertebrate host, suggesting that they are novel means of the dissemination from vector to the vertebrate host [3,24] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in arthropod and neuronal exosomes reduce virus transmission and replication in recipient cells

Fasae¹,

Neelakanta²,

Sultana³

2022

Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids

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Aim: Targeting the modes of pathogen shedding/transmission via exosomes or extracellular vesicles has been envisioned as the best approach to control vector-borne diseases. This study is focused on altering exosomes stability to affect the pathogen transmission from infected to naïve recipient cells. Methods: In this study, neuronal or arthropod exosomes were treated at different temperatures or with different salts or pH conditions to analyze their ability and efficiency in the transmission of tick-borne Langat virus (LGTV) from infected to naïve recipient cells. Results: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunoblotting analyses revealed that treatment of neuronal or tick exosomes at warmer temperatures of 37 °C or 23 °C, respectively, or with sulfate salts such as Magnesium or Ammonium sulfates or with highly alkaline pH of 9 or 11.5, dramatically reduced transmission of LGTV via infectious exosomes (human or tick cells-derived) to human neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cells or skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), respectively. Conclusion: Overall, this study suggests that exosome-mediated viral transmission of vector-borne pathogens to the vertebrate host or the viral dissemination and replication within or between the mammalian host can be reduced by altering the ability of exosomes with basic changes in temperatures, salts or pH conditions.

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De novo assembled salivary gland transcriptome and expression pattern analyses for Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neuman, 1897 male and female ticks

Cited by 5 publications

References 115 publications

Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host

Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host

Transcriptomic Analysis of Salivary Glands of Ornithodoros brasiliensis Aragão, 1923, the Agent of a Neotropical Tick-Toxicosis Syndrome in Humans

Alterations in arthropod and neuronal exosomes reduce virus transmission and replication in recipient cells

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