“…Later, Hensey conducted a series of sociolinguistic analyses of the phonological variables of Uruguayan Portuguese (Hensey 1972(Hensey , 1982 among others), and Elizaincín and associates published multiple studies on morphosyntactic and lexical characteristics from the perspective of dialectology (e.g., Elizaincín et al 1987;Elizaincín 1992). Carvalho's (1998) doctoral dissertation led to follow-up variationist studies on phonological (Carvalho 2003(Carvalho , 2004Garrido Meirelles 2009;Castañeda 2011Castañeda , 2016Córdoba 2013), morphosyntactic (Carvalho and Child 2011;Pacheco 2013Pacheco , 2014Carvalho and Bessett 2015;Carvalho 2016Carvalho , 2021Pacheco 2017aPacheco , 2017bPacheco , 2017cPacheco , 2020, and discourse variables (Carvalho and Kern 2019). This research produced quantitative evidence that, despite prolonged bilingualism along the Uruguay-Brazil border, Spanish and Portuguese have retained distinct variable grammars, albeit with extensive presence of lexical borrowings and conversational code-switching.…”